tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13271724932494564312024-03-20T12:49:23.103+05:30electricaleasy.comelectrical engineering, motors, generators, transformers, power systemKiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comBlogger156125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-40044697091022386982024-03-09T15:32:00.006+05:302024-03-09T15:44:00.786+05:30Resilient Power Systems: Strategies for Handling Disruptions<p><b>Resilient power systems</b> play a crucial role in our modern society, ensuring the uninterrupted flow of electricity to homes, businesses, and critical infrastructure. These systems are designed to withstand and recover from various disruptions, such as natural disasters, cyber attacks, equipment failures, and more.</p>
<p>In an increasingly interconnected world, where our reliance on electricity is ever-growing, the importance of resilient power systems cannot be overstated.</p>
<h3>Key Takeaways</h3>
<ul><li>Disruptions in <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2018/01/electric-power-distribution-system.html">power systems</a> are inevitable and can be caused by various factors such as natural disasters, cyber attacks, and equipment failures.</li>
<li>Components and integrations of resilient power systems include backup power sources, smart grid technologies, and advanced monitoring and control systems.</li>
<li>Microgrids and distributed energy resources (DERs) can enhance the resilience of power systems by providing <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2015/10/diesel-power-generator-and-power-plant.html">localized power generation</a> and storage capabilities.</li></ul>
<h2>Understanding Disruptions in Power Systems</h2>
<p>Disruptions in power systems can occur due to a variety of factors. Natural disasters, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and severe storms, can cause widespread damage to power infrastructure, leading to prolonged outages.</p>
<p>Cyber attacks pose another significant threat, as hackers target <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2016/01/electrical-power-grid-structure-working.html">power grids</a> with the intent to disrupt services or gain unauthorized access to critical systems. Equipment failures, whether due to aging infrastructure or technical malfunctions, can also result in power disruptions.</p>
<p>The impact of these disruptions on power systems is far-reaching. Beyond the inconvenience of being without electricity, disruptions can have severe consequences for public safety and the economy.</p>
<p>Hospitals may lose power, compromising patient care; businesses may suffer financial losses due to downtime; and essential services like water treatment plants may be unable to function properly. Therefore, it is crucial to build resilient power systems that can withstand and recover from these disruptions.</p>
<h2>Importance of Resilience in Power Systems</h2>
<p>Resilient power systems offer numerous benefits that go beyond simply minimizing downtime during disruptions. By investing in resilience, utilities can improve reliability, adaptability, and overall performance of their power systems, resulting in enhanced customer satisfaction, cost savings, and reduced environmental impact.</p>
<p>This comprehensive approach to resilience not only ensures uninterrupted energy supply but also fortifies utilities against diverse challenges, fostering a more sustainable and responsive energy infrastructure</p>
<p>Examples of resilient power systems in action can be found around the world. In Japan, after the devastating earthquake and tsunami in 2011 that caused a nuclear disaster at Fukushima, the country has made significant investments in resilient power systems. They have implemented microgrids, distributed energy resources (DERs), and advanced monitoring and control systems to ensure a more reliable and resilient power supply.</p>
<h2>Challenges in Building Resilient Power Systems</h2>
<p>Building resilient power systems involves overcoming various challenges to ensure their effectiveness in the face of disruptions. Here are some key challenges associated with the development of resilient power systems:</p>
<ul><li>Lack of investment in infrastructure</li>
<li>Dependency on fossil fuels</li>
<li>Difficulty in integrating renewable energy sources</li>
<li>Insufficient grid capacity</li>
<li>Threats from cyber attacks</li>
<li>Extreme weather events</li>
<li>Ageing infrastructure</li>
<li>High cost of implementing new technologies</li></ul>
<p>One of the primary obstacles is the cost considerations associated with implementing the necessary infrastructure and technologies. Upgrading existing power grids and integrating new components can be expensive, requiring significant investments from utilities and governments.</p>
<p>Regulatory hurdles also pose challenges to building resilient power systems. Regulations may need to be updated or revised to accommodate new technologies and ensure the smooth integration of resilient components into the existing power infrastructure. Additionally, navigating the complex regulatory landscape can slow down the implementation process.</p>
<p>Building resilient power systems brings technical challenges for utilities. Incorporating backup power sources like <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2023/07/electric-generator-buying-guide.html">generators</a> and batteries into the current grid demands careful planning and coordination. If you're interested in helpful insights or have some electronic repair know-how, in the following link you can find <a href="https://edukatronik.com/how-to-learn-electronics-repair/" target="_blank">practical tips for electronics repair</a>.</p>
<h2>Components and Integrations of Resilient Power Systems</h2>
<p>Resilient power systems rely on various components and integrations to enhance their resilience. Backup power sources, such as generators and batteries, play a crucial role in providing electricity during outages. These sources can be integrated into the grid to automatically kick in when disruptions occur, ensuring a continuous supply of power.</p>
<p>Smart grid technologies are another essential component of resilient power systems. These technologies enable real-time monitoring of the grid, allowing utilities to detect disruptions quickly and respond accordingly. Advanced control systems can automatically reroute power flows, isolate affected areas, and restore services more efficiently.</p>
<h2>Microgrids and Distributed Energy Resources (DERs)</h2>
<p>Microgrids are an integral part of resilient power systems. They are localized grids that can operate independently or in conjunction with the main grid, providing electricity to a specific area or facility. Microgrids offer several benefits, including increased reliability, reduced transmission losses, and the ability to integrate <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/search/label/Renewable%20Energy">renewable energy</a> sources.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.cummins.com/news/2021/11/04/what-are-distributed-energy-resources-and-how-do-they-work" target="_blank">Distributed Energy Resources (DERs)</a> are another key component of resilient power systems. DERs include renewable energy sources, such as <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2023/12/how-do-solar-generators-work.html">solar panels</a> and <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2015/12/wind-power.html">wind turbines</a>, as well as energy storage systems. By integrating DERs into the power grid, utilities can diversify their energy sources, reduce dependence on centralized power plants, and enhance the resilience of the overall system.</p>
<h2>Future trends of Resiliency in Power Distribution Systems</h2>
<p>The future of resilient power systems is promising, with several trends shaping the industry. Advancements in renewable energy technologies, such as more efficient solar panels and wind turbines, will continue to drive the integration of clean energy into power grids. This not only reduces reliance on fossil fuels but also enhances the resilience of the system by diversifying energy sources.</p>
<p>Increased use of energy storage systems is another trend that will contribute to the resilience of power distribution systems. Batteries and other storage technologies allow excess energy to be stored and used during times of high demand or disruptions. This helps balance supply and demand, reducing strain on the grid and improving overall reliability.</p>
<p>Expansion of smart grid capabilities is also expected in the future. As technology continues to advance, utilities will have access to more sophisticated monitoring and control systems. These systems will enable utilities to detect disruptions faster, respond more effectively, and optimize the operation of the grid for improved resilience.</p>
<h2>Conclusion: Best Practices for Power System Resilience Planning</h2>
<p>To ensure the resilience of power systems, utilities and stakeholders must follow best practices for resilience planning. Conducting thorough risk assessments is crucial to identify potential vulnerabilities and develop appropriate contingency plans. This includes assessing the impact of various disruptions and determining the necessary infrastructure and technologies to mitigate those risks.</p>
<p>Collaboration between stakeholders is also essential for effective resilience planning. Utilities must work closely with government agencies, emergency management organizations, and other relevant entities to coordinate efforts and share resources. By pooling their expertise and resources, stakeholders can develop comprehensive resilience strategies that address the unique challenges of their region.</p>
<p>Investment in resilient infrastructure and technologies is the final key to building resilient power systems. Utilities and governments must allocate sufficient funds to upgrade existing infrastructure, integrate new components, and implement advanced technologies. This investment will pay off in the long run by reducing the impact of disruptions, improving reliability, and ensuring the continuous supply of electricity.</p>
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}</script><div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-56050176038823250122024-02-19T18:44:00.000+05:302024-02-19T18:44:04.790+05:30Techniques for Minimizing EMI and Noise in PCB Designs<p>Explore the techniques and methodologies to effectively mitigate the challenges posed by <strong>EMI and noise in printed circuit board</strong> designs, thereby optimizing their performance potential.</p>
<h3>Table of Contents</h3>
<ul><li><a href="#sources">Understanding the Sources of EMI and Noise</a></li>
<li><a href="#design-considerations">Effective PCB Layout Design Considerations</a></li>
<li><a href="#component-selection">Component Selection and Placement Strategies</a></li>
<li><a href="#testing">Testing Techniques for EMI Compliance</a></li>
<li><a href="#conclusion">Conclusion</a></li></ul>
<p>Welcome to our curated blog post about one of the biggest challenges that PCB designers face today: minimizing electromagnetic interference (EMI) and noise in their designs. In this fast-paced technological era, EMI can disrupt electronic signals, while noise can degrade signal integrity and lead to performance issues. But don't worry, fellow designers! We're here to equip you with essential strategies to tackle these silent enemies head-on and ensure <strong>clean electronic signals for your PCB designs</strong>. So let's dive in and unleash the silent warrior within!</p>
<h2 id="sources">Understanding the Sources of EMI and Noise</h2>
<p>Before we embark on our crusade against <strong>EMI and noise</strong>, it's important to grasp the different sources and types of interference affecting our PCB designs. EMI can emanate from various sources such as <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2016/03/basics-of-electrical-power-transmission.html">power lines</a>, <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/02/working-principle-and-types-of.html">motors</a>, radio frequency (RF) transmitters, and digital circuits. On the other hand, noise refers to unwanted signals that can arise from thermal effects, voltage fluctuations, or external sources. To illustrate the consequences of EMI and noise, let's explore a couple of real-world scenarios:</p>
<p>Imagine designing a PCB for a medical device, and electromagnetic waves from nearby power lines or RF transmitters interfere with critical signals, causing false readings or even device malfunction. In another case, a high-frequency digital circuit on a PCB introduces excessive noise, degrading signal quality and adversely affecting overall system performance.</p>
<h2 id="design-considerations">Effective PCB Layout Design Considerations</h2>
<p>One of the first lines of <strong>defense against EMI and noise</strong> lies in the layout design of our PCBs. By implementing proper grounding and signal integrity techniques, we can significantly minimize the impact of unwanted interference. Let's explore some essential considerations:</p>
<h3>1. Utilizing proper grounding and signal integrity techniques:</h3>
<p>Ensuring an adequate grounding scheme is paramount in reducing EMI susceptibility. Opt for a low impedance ground plane and carefully route ground connections. Remember to segregate sensitive components from noisy ones to prevent interference. Strategic placement of appropriate decoupling capacitors can also work wonders in suppressing noise and maintaining signal integrity.</p>
<h3>2. Controlling parasitics for enhanced signal integrity:</h3>
<p>Parasitic elements such as trace impedance and crosstalk can introduce noise and signal degradation. Carefully manage trace impedance and opt for controlled impedance routing to minimize these unwanted effects. Impedance mismatches and crosstalk can also be mitigated through careful shielding and isolation techniques.</p>
<h2 id="component-selection">Component Selection and Placement Strategies</h2>
<p>The selection and placement of <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2023/12/Understanding-PCB-Assembly.html">components</a> play a significant role in combating EMI and noise. By considering noise ratings in component datasheets and optimizing the positioning of components, we can effectively reduce their overall impact. Let's explore some strategies:</p>
<h3>1. Identifying and mitigating noise sources in component selection:</h3>
<p>When choosing components, turn to their datasheets for noise ratings. Opt for passive components that offer low noise characteristics for critical areas. This informed selection can go a long way in minimizing noise-induced issues.</p>
<h3>2. Optimizing component placement for reduced EMI and noise:</h3>
<p>The physical placement of components can significantly affect EMI and noise interference. Consider separating high-speed and low-speed components to avoid interference. Keep signal lengths and loop areas as short as possible to minimize noise susceptibility. Proper grounding of components and systematic routing techniques will also contribute to a cleaner signal environment.</p>
<h2 id="testing">Testing Techniques for EMI Compliance</h2>
<p>To ensure our designs adhere to EMI compliance standards and regulations, it becomes crucial to employ testing techniques throughout the design process. Let's explore the importance of EMI testing and ways to improve our compliance:</p>
<h3>1. Importance of EMI testing and compliance standards:</h3>
<p>Understanding regulatory standards and certification requirements is essential to ensure our designs meet industry compliance standards. Failure to comply can result in performance issues or, worse, safety hazards. Thus, being aware of these standards is vital.</p>
<h3>2. Recommendations for pre-compliance testing and troubleshooting:</h3>
<p>To avoid last-minute surprises, it is advisable to perform pre-compliance testing using EMI measurement tools and techniques. This approach helps identify potential sources of EMI failures early on, allowing for effective troubleshooting. By addressing these issues proactively, we can mitigate risks and increase the chances of our designs passing the compliance test.</p>
<h2 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h2>
<p>In this electrifying journey, we have explored various techniques and considerations to <strong>minimize EMI and noise in our PCB designs</strong>. By understanding the sources of interference, implementing effective layout design practices, optimizing component selection and placement, and conducting thorough EMI compliance testing, we can successfully combat these silent enemies. Let's equip ourselves with these essential strategies and ensure clean electronic signals, paving the way for reliable and <a href="https://pcbtrace.com/pcb-design/" target="_blank" rel="sponsored">high-performance PCB designs</a> that thrive in today's demanding technological landscape. Embrace the silence, fellow designers, for our silent warriors shall prevail!</p>
<script>
document.getElementById("PostAuthor").innerHTML = "Guest Author";
</script><div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-30466125364597923782024-02-15T15:27:00.004+05:302024-02-19T18:54:18.149+05:30Safe Work Practices for Performing Electrical Work in Australia<p>Electrical work, by its very nature, carries inherent risks. In Australia, where regulations are stringent and <strong>safety standards</strong> are high, ensuring the safety of electrical workers is paramount. This article outlines the essential safe work practices for performing electrical work in Australia, aiming to protect workers from electrical hazards and ensure compliance with national standards.</p>
<h2>Understanding the Risks</h2>
<p>Before diving into safe practices, it's crucial to understand the risks involved in electrical work. These can range from <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2017/01/signs-of-electrical-hazards-precautions.html">electric shock</a>, which can lead to injuries or fatalities, to fires caused by faulty wiring or equipment. Additionally, indirect risks such as falls from ladders or cuts from tools also pose significant threats to electricians.</p>
<h2>Regulatory Framework</h2>
<p>In Australia, electrical work is governed by a robust regulatory framework that includes the Electrical Safety Act, the Wiring Rules (AS/NZS 3000), and various state and territory regulations. These laws and standards outline the requirements for safe electrical practices and the qualifications needed to perform electrical work.</p>
<h2>Qualifications and Licensing</h2>
<p>One of the foundational aspects of ensuring safety in electrical work is the proper training and licensing of a <a href="http://www.westsideelectrical.com.au/" rel="sponsored" target="_blank">Perth electrician</a>. In Australia, electricians must complete an apprenticeship or vocational training and obtain a license to carry out electrical work. This ensures that they have the necessary knowledge and skills to perform their jobs safely.</p>
<h2>Safe Work Practices</h2>
<h3>1. Risk Assessment:</h3>
<p>Before any electrical work begins, conducting a thorough risk assessment is crucial. This involves identifying potential hazards, evaluating the risk they pose, and implementing control measures to mitigate them. A risk assessment should be documented and reviewed regularly.</p>
<h3>2. Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):</h3>
<p>Electricians should wear appropriate PPE, including insulated gloves, safety glasses, and flame-resistant clothing, to protect against electric shock and other hazards.</p>
<h3>3. Lockout-Tagout (LOTO) Procedures:</h3>
<p>To prevent accidental energization of electrical systems, LOTO procedures should be strictly followed. This involves de-energizing and locking out electrical circuits and equipment before starting work and tagging them to warn others not to re-energize the system.</p>
<h3>4. Testing for 'Dead':</h3>
<p>Before touching any electrical component, it is essential to verify that it is de-energized. This can be done using approved voltage testing devices. Never assume a circuit is dead without testing.</p>
<h3>5. Safe Use of Tools and Equipment:</h3>
<p>Only use tools and equipment that are in good condition and designed for the specific electrical task. Regular inspection and maintenance of tools are vital to ensure they do not pose a risk.</p>
<h3>6. Working at Heights:</h3>
<p>When working at heights, such as on ladders or scaffolding, ensure that safety measures are in place to prevent falls. This can include using harnesses and ensuring ladders are stable and secure.</p>
<h3>7. Emergency Preparedness:</h3>
<p>All electricians should be trained in first aid and emergency response, including CPR and the use of an Automated External Defibrillator (AED). There should also be a clear plan in place for responding to electrical accidents.</p>
<h3>8. Reporting and Documentation:</h3>
<p>All electrical work should be documented, including details of the work performed, risk assessments, and any incidents or near misses. This documentation can help in identifying trends and areas for improvement in safety practices.</p>
<h3>9. Continuous Education:</h3>
<p>Electrical standards and technologies are continually evolving. Regular training and upskilling are essential for electricians to stay updated on the latest safety practices and regulations.</p>
<h3>10. Workplace Culture:</h3>
<p>Creating a workplace culture that prioritizes safety is crucial. This involves clear communication, encouraging the reporting of hazards or unsafe practices, and ensuring that all team members feel responsible for safety.</p>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
<p>Electrical work in Australia is subject to strict regulations designed to protect workers and the public. Adhering to safe work practices is not just a regulatory requirement but a moral obligation to prevent accidents and injuries. By following these guidelines, electricians can ensure that they carry out their work safely and effectively, maintaining the high standards of safety that are expected in the Australian electrical industry.</p>
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</script><div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-514342487007804162024-02-14T19:44:00.000+05:302024-02-14T19:44:13.624+05:30Optimizing Efficiency: Integrating Electronic Components for Industrial Automation and Control Systems<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKCy5JQlOhqUDM5-jrxufXJx_hsE1fnN9AZF4ot8EI82nz9jQCN3ipdXen5_tAlCsR9h4ynqF8k9xQd2HZYs-CPpqeq8-5V676kob0s8yebVOupqvEKxRgFmcHCkrCzEghsZq_CHXy-hmG8y5K-RpWUPnMscRcRk3Tf7Jl4erHMkwCbsVckn-MTUhSAxnq/s1200/electronic-components-industrial-automation.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="electronic-components-industrial-automation" border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1200" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKCy5JQlOhqUDM5-jrxufXJx_hsE1fnN9AZF4ot8EI82nz9jQCN3ipdXen5_tAlCsR9h4ynqF8k9xQd2HZYs-CPpqeq8-5V676kob0s8yebVOupqvEKxRgFmcHCkrCzEghsZq_CHXy-hmG8y5K-RpWUPnMscRcRk3Tf7Jl4erHMkwCbsVckn-MTUhSAxnq/w320-h213/electronic-components-industrial-automation.png" title="electronic-components-industrial-automation" width="320" /></a></div>
<p><strong>Industrial automation and control systems</strong> are vital for optimizing efficiency in modern manufacturing. These systems integrate various electronic components to monitor and control industrial processes, maximizing productivity while minimizing costs. This article provides an in-depth look at key considerations when selecting and integrating electronic components for industrial automation and control systems.</p>
<p>We'll examine how thoughtful integration of sensors, controllers, actuators, and software can enable intelligent automation. Choosing components with communication capabilities allows different parts of the system to work together seamlessly. Factors like precision, speed, durability, and flexibility must be weighed when picking components. Proper integration is crucial for industrial automation and control systems to function reliably in demanding manufacturing environments.</p>
<p>With strategic planning and integration of the right electronic components, efficiency can be significantly improved in industrial facilities. This article explores component selection, integration techniques, and best practices in detail. Understanding these factors is the first step toward building an optimized industrial automation and control system that leverages electronics to maximize productivity.</p>
<h2>Fundamentals of Industrial Automation</h2>
<h3>Evolution of Control Systems</h3>
<p>Industrial automation has evolved significantly over the past century. Early electrical control systems paved the way for more advanced electronics-based automation. Relay logic systems gave way to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller" target="_blank">programmable logic controllers (PLCs)</a> with the advent of microprocessors. The development of industrial robotics and computerized numerical control (CNC) enabled more complex, flexible manufacturing.</p>
<p>Today's automation systems leverage sophisticated sensors, controllers, networks, and software. Connected devices through the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) allow for data collection, analytics, and machine learning. Cloud computing and edge computing facilitate industrial automation with advanced capabilities. The progression of control systems has been crucial for achieving precise, intelligent automation.</p>
<h3>Key Components of Automation</h3>
<p>Several electronic components work together to enable industrial automation. Key elements include:</p>
<ul><li><b>Sensors</b> - Detect variables like temperature, pressure, flow, or vibration. Provide data to controllers.</li>
<li><b>Controllers</b> - Process sensor signals and automate equipment. PLCs, industrial PCs, or microcontrollers.</li>
<li><b>Actuators</b> - Convert control signals into mechanical motion. <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/01/basic-working-of-dc-motor.html">Electric motors</a>, pneumatic actuators, <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2015/07/benefits-of-electric-actuators.html">electric actuators</a>, etc.</li>
<li><b>Networks</b> - Connect components through industrial Ethernet, wireless, or fieldbus protocols.</li>
<li><b>Human-machine interfaces (HMIs)</b> - Allow operators to monitor or control systems. Touchscreens, industrial PCs, etc.</li>
<li><b>Software</b> - Provides control logic, data monitoring/analytics, machine learning capabilities.</li>
</ul>
<p>Proper selection, integration, and programming of these core components allow for automated monitoring and control of industrial processes. Continued innovation further enhances the capabilities of modern automation systems.</p>
<h2>System Integration Strategies</h2>
<h3>Interfacing Protocols</h3>
<p>Seamless integration of industrial automation components requires compatible interfacing protocols. Several key standards enable communication between sensors, controllers, actuators, HMIs, and networks.</p>
<p>Common industrial protocols include:</p>
<ul><li><b>Ethernet/IP</b> - Applies Ethernet networking to industrial environments. Supports Controller Area Network (CAN).</li>
<li><b>Modbus</b> - Communication standard for connecting industrial devices. Uses RS-232 or RS-485 interfaces.</li>
<li><b>Profibus</b> - Open standard for fieldbus communication. Supports distributed I/O. Fast data exchange.</li>
<li><b>Profinet</b> - Real-time industrial Ethernet standard. Provides precise synchronization.</li>
<li><b>EtherCAT</b> - Ethernet-based protocol for hard real-time control. Extremely fast and accurate.</li>
<li><b>WirelessHART</b> - Wireless networking technology for process automation applications.</li></ul>
<p>Selecting components which support the same protocols is crucial. Gateways can interface between different protocols if needed. Understanding protocol specifications aids configuration.</p>
<h2>Data Flow Optimization</h2>
<p>Strategic data flow planning optimizes efficiency. Analyze data flow between sensors, controllers, networks, and actuators. Minimize unneeded data exchanges to improve speed and determinism.</p>
<p>Use segmented networks to match data flow to control requirements. Critical control systems may need dedicated high-speed networks. Slower fieldbuses can handle less time-sensitive I/O data.</p>
<p>Controller programming should only transmit essential data points. Data reduction techniques like exception reporting can conserve network bandwidth.</p>
<p>Overall system throughput can be enhanced by coordinating data exchange timing. Schedule simultaneous data transfers to avoid unnecessary waits.</p>
<h2>Electronic Component Selection</h2>
<h3>Criteria for Component Evaluation</h3>
<p>Choosing the right electronic components is crucial when designing industrial automation and control systems. Key criteria to evaluate include:</p>
<ul><li><b>Functionality</b> - Components must meet technical and performance requirements.</li>
<li><b>Reliability</b> - Operation in harsh conditions over long durations. MTBF, fit and finish.</li>
<li><b>Precision</b> - Resolution and accuracy for critical applications. Sensor precision impacts control quality.</li>
<li><b>Speed</b> - Fast response times and control loops. High bandwidth components.</li>
<li><b>Durability</b> - Withstand vibration, temperature, humidity. IP ratings, material construction.</li>
<li><b>Interoperability</b> - Communication using standard industrial protocols.</li>
<li><b>Certifications</b> - Rating for hazardous locations, food and beverage, etc.</li>
<li><b>Software</b> - Capabilities for programming, data logging, analytics.</li>
<li><b>Support</b> - Documentation, warranties, repair services for components.</li>
</ul>
<p>Thoroughly assess components based on key criteria. On-site testing in real operating conditions is ideal.</p>
<h3>Balancing Cost and Performance</h3>
<p>Balance performance needs with budgetary constraints when selecting automation components. Lower cost options may carry trade-offs in precision, speed, durability, or support.</p><p>
</p><p>Evaluate whether higher cost components are justified for performance-critical applications. Cost savings now can lead to inefficiency and downtime later. Consider the total cost of ownership, not just purchase price. More durable, reliable components have lower lifetime costs.</p>
<p>Standardized, mass produced components offer cost-effective options. Custom designed solutions are expensive but can match unique requirements. Partnering with reputable suppliers and distributors like <a href="https://www.icrfq.com/" rel="sponsored" target="_blank">ICRFQ</a> aid in selecting the right electronic components. Value-added services like custom programming can optimize performance per cost.</p>
<h2>Efficiency Enhancement Techniques</h2>
<h3>Predictive Maintenance</h3>
<p>Predictive maintenance leverages automation system data to optimize maintenance activities. Sensors monitor vibration, temperature, pressure, flow rates, and other variables. Analytics detect trends and predict potential faults before failure.</p>
<p>This proactive approach prevents unplanned downtime and enables condition-based maintenance. Teams can schedule repairs when convenient, not during critical operation. Efficiency is enhanced with greater uptime.</p>
<p>Current techniques include:</p>
<ul><li><b>Sensor monitoring</b> - Vibration analysis, oil analysis, thermography detect developing issues.</li>
<li><b>Data mining</b> - Identify correlations between operating data points and failures.</li>
<li><b>Machine learning</b> - Models trained on past data predict future failures.</li>
<li>><b>Digital twin simulation</b> - Uses real-time data from physical assets to detect anomalies.</li></ul>
<p>Integrating these predictive capabilities during system design provides long-term efficiency gains.</p>
<h3>Energy Management</h3>
<p>Automating energy usage monitoring and adjustments conserves resources. Sensor data informs high-efficiency operating setpoints. Reported energy consumption is analyzed to identify savings opportunities.</p>
<p>Strategies include:</p>
<ul><li><b>Load balancing</b> - Dynamically distribute loads across equipment to optimize efficiency.</li>
<li><b>Scheduling</b> - Time high-demand processes for off-peak periods.</li>
<li><b>Process optimization</b> - Automatically adjust variables like pressure and temperature.</li>
<li><b>Turning off idle resources</b> - Sleep and wake automation when not in use.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Future Trends in Automation</h2>
<h3>Adoption of IoT</h3>
<p>The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) will transform automation systems with intelligent connected devices. Networks of sensors and controllers enable real-time data sharing and analysis. This provides significant efficiency benefits:</p>
<ul><li><b>Remote monitoring and control</b> - Operate equipment from any location with cloud connectivity. Quickly identify and address issues.</li>
<li><b>Improved asset management</b> - Generate insights from equipment data to optimize performance.</li>
<li><b>Enhanced traceability</b> - Monitor entire supply chain for quality control and waste reduction.</li>
<li><b>Lower maintenance costs</b> - Predictive capabilities reduce downtime and repairs.</li></ul>
<p>While implementation requires upfront investment, over time IIoT capabilities deliver major cost and productivity gains. As equipment becomes more interconnected, adopting IIoT will be key for long-term efficiency.</p>
<h2>AI and Machine Learning Applications</h2>
<p>Artificial intelligence and machine learning open new possibilities for industrial automation. AI can analyze immense data sets from sensors and equipment. Machine learning models can optimize complex processes better than manual methods.</p>
<p>Specific applications include:</p>
<ul><li><b>Predictive maintenance</b> - Machine learning predicts failures and recommends maintenance schedules.</li>
<li><b>Process optimization</b> - AI algorithms dynamically adjust parameters for peak efficiency.</li>
<li><b>Computer vision</b> - Cameras with AI inspect products or guide robots.</li>
<li><b>Planning and scheduling</b> - AI assists with optimizing production schedules and supply chain logistics.</li></ul>
<p>AI and machine learning allow for automation systems that continuously improve themselves. This represents the next evolution of intelligent industrial automation.</p>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
<p>Optimizing efficiency is a key goal when designing industrial automation and control systems. Strategic integration of electronic components enables intelligent monitoring and automation of manufacturing processes.</p>
<p>This article explored critical considerations when selecting and interfacing sensors, controllers, networks, actuators, and software to build an optimized system. Following protocols like Ethernet/IP and Profinet allows seamless communication between components. Optimizing data flow and using predictive maintenance and energy management techniques further enhance efficiency.</p>
<p>Emerging trends like IIoT and AI will shape the future of industrial automation, providing even greater capabilities. But the core principles of thoughtful component selection and system integration will continue to be foundational. By understanding these factors, manufacturers can construct automation and control systems that maximize productivity, quality, and flexibility while minimizing costs.</p>
<p>The integration of modern automation technology with legacy equipment is key for manufacturers to transition efficiently. With the right strategy and components, optimized automation systems make businesses more nimble and competitive. Continual improvement of industrial automation delivers ever-greater efficiency gains over time.</p>
<script>
document.getElementById("PostAuthor").innerHTML = "Guest Author";
</script><div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-16696935244819287532023-12-05T21:30:00.000+05:302023-12-05T21:30:13.037+05:30How do Solar Generators Work?<p><strong>Solar generators</strong> have become a popular clean energy solution for providing power during emergencies or for off-grid activities. This article discusses <strong>how solar generators work</strong> and compares their benefits to traditional gas generators or <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2015/10/diesel-power-generator-and-power-plant.html">diesel generators</a>. We'll cover key topics like:</p>
<ul><li>What exactly is a solar generator and how the system captures and stores solar energy</li>
<li>The components involved in converting sunlight into usable electricity</li>
<li>Why solar generators are essential tools for backup power and energy resilience</li>
<li>How solar generators compare to gas generators in terms of costs, maintenance, and environmental impact</li>
<li>The pros and cons of different battery types used in solar generators</li>
<li>Use cases where solar generators excel as an energy solution</li>
<li>Final thoughts on why solar generators are a smart investment for <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/search/label/Renewable%20Energy">renewable energy</a> needs</li></ul>
<p>The goal is to leave readers with a clear understanding of solar generator technology and how it can be a versatile source of renewable power in a range of situations.</p>
<h2>What is a Solar Generator?</h2>
<p>A solar generator is a portable system that harnesses solar energy from the sun to charge batteries, which then provide electricity to power devices. The main components of a solar generator are the solar panels, charge controller, batteries, and power inverter.</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQNNtZ_m706B-XpE9LiIM8qhvWPkscidVH1MinoiCHXhZ0oC2kZ7Ogsbue8aUo-GoyNytB1VjqV9FvPBJW5mBfFe8vmVLhyphenhyphen4fkMc3xA0FjuWNXLG1JyxzrVxJl58ZN_jlHHKJfWClw5d0woQKVm5FOv41l9qXH6L07YjU-IYJZMD1-3X_UELFWZHcA2jn6/s1600/solar-generator.webp" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="solar power generator" border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="2400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQNNtZ_m706B-XpE9LiIM8qhvWPkscidVH1MinoiCHXhZ0oC2kZ7Ogsbue8aUo-GoyNytB1VjqV9FvPBJW5mBfFe8vmVLhyphenhyphen4fkMc3xA0FjuWNXLG1JyxzrVxJl58ZN_jlHHKJfWClw5d0woQKVm5FOv41l9qXH6L07YjU-IYJZMD1-3X_UELFWZHcA2jn6/s1600/solar-generator.webp" title="solar power generator" /></a></div>
<p>The solar panels absorb sunlight and convert it into DC electricity. This charges batteries that store the energy. To regulate the power between the solar panels and batteries, a charge controller is used to prevent overcharging or excessive drainage. </p>
<p>Finally, a <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2020/05/how-to-fix-power-inverter.html">power inverter</a> converts the DC electricity from the batteries into standard 120V AC power that you can use to run appliances, tools, electronics, and other devices just like a gas generator.</p>
<p>Unlike traditional generators that require fuel, solar generators provide renewable energy from the sun. Their portability and quiet operation make them ideal for camping, RVs, emergency backup power, and more. With a solar generator, you can take power generation off the grid and access electricity anywhere the sun shines.</p>
<h2>How do Solar Generators Work?</h2>
<p>Solar generators are able to harness the power of the sun through the use of solar panels and batteries. Here's an overview of how the system works:</p>
<p>Solar panels absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity in the form of direct current (DC). The solar panels act as the power source for the entire generator. Most solar generators have between 1-4 solar panels, depending on their power capacity. More panels means the ability to generate more electricity.</p>
<p>The solar panels are connected to a charge controller, which regulates the voltage and current coming from the panels before it reaches the batteries. The charge controller prevents the batteries from overcharging and controls the rate of charge to maximize battery lifespan. It ensures a stable flow of electricity into the batteries.</p>
<p>The electricity from the solar panels charges deep cycle batteries that are made to withstand repeated discharges and recharges. These batteries store the energy for on-demand use, similar to a gas generator. Common battery types are lead-acid, lithium-ion, and saltwater batteries. The battery capacity determines how long the solar generator can run devices when solar is not available.</p>
<p>When electricity is needed, the stored energy in the batteries passes through a <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2023/08/solar-power-solar-inverters.html">solar inverter</a>. The inverter converts the DC power from the batteries into standard alternating current (AC) that devices can use. The AC outlets provide power just like a wall outlet.</p>
<p>So in summary, solar panels charge batteries through a charge controller, and an inverter taps into the DC battery power to generate AC electricity on-demand. This allows a solar generator to silently produce renewable energy during the day and store it for anytime use.</p>
<h2>Why Solar Generators are Essential</h2>
<p>Solar generators provide essential backup power and energy independence for homes, businesses, outdoor activities, and emergency situations. Unlike gas generators, solar generators don't require any fuel to run. They can operate silently and emission-free, converting free renewable solar energy into usable electricity. This makes them extremely useful during power outages.</p>
<p>Solar generators with battery storage offer a <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2020/07/solar-o.html">portable power source</a> and energy independence. They allow generating electricity on-demand through stored solar energy. This means continued power day and night, without relying on the utility grid. With increasing extreme weather causing power failures, solar generators provide reliable backup electricity. They can keep your essential appliances running, whether it's the refrigerator, phone chargers, lights, or medical devices.</p>
<p>During natural disasters and grid failures, gas stations may be inaccessible or out of fuel. But solar generators can recharge off-grid through solar panels and keep working. This makes them a sustainable power source when you need it most. They allow peace of mind by avoiding total electrical failure.</p>
<p>For many applications, a solar generator eliminates the need for noisy, polluting gas generators that require refueling. Solar energy is free, quiet, clean, and abundant. Solar generators harness this renewable power so you can <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2015/12/solar-power-system-how-does-it-work.html">generate your own electricity</a>, independent of the grid. They provide essential backup capability and energy resilience.</p>
<h2>Comparing Solar Generators and Gas Generators</h2>
<p>Solar generators offer several advantages compared to traditional gas generators. The most notable differences are:</p>
<ul><li><b>Clean Energy</b>: Solar generators produce no emissions or air pollutants. Gas generators release harmful emissions like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. This makes solar a cleaner and more eco-friendly option, especially for indoor use.</li>
<li><b>Quiet Operation</b>: Solar generators make very little noise when running, unlike the loud roar of gas generators. This makes them preferable for camping, RVs, and other quiet settings.</li>
<li><b>No Fuel Required</b>: Once charged, a solar generator can run devices directly from the sun. Gas generators require constant purchasing and transport of flammable fuel. Solar generators offer independence from fuel access and costs.</li>
<li><b>Less Maintenance</b>: Solar generators have fewer moving parts and don't require oil changes, air filters or spark plug replacements like gas generators. Their maintenance needs are minimal.</li></ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilStANy8QzTJhEdR4T0MIxhltaSehmizGN8d6Eq-0KtVGCYl83wz_oLDjp_RdGT_r4ApNO_iyocrQcBjQHAnzlqic3aJ62WLBuzi3x7KwGGlg3vr39mJKJrOP2ePaR4r7GFFTEE-cJc_tT2r0uf8fZgd86IZOTEE6-YRe4Xqn8e1pD5joU11XUagxhxQ1A/s1600/solar-generator.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="gas generator vs solar power generator" border="0" data-original-height="528" data-original-width="823" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilStANy8QzTJhEdR4T0MIxhltaSehmizGN8d6Eq-0KtVGCYl83wz_oLDjp_RdGT_r4ApNO_iyocrQcBjQHAnzlqic3aJ62WLBuzi3x7KwGGlg3vr39mJKJrOP2ePaR4r7GFFTEE-cJc_tT2r0uf8fZgd86IZOTEE6-YRe4Xqn8e1pD5joU11XUagxhxQ1A/s16000/solar-generator.png" title="gas generator vs solar power generator" /></a></div>
<p>So for those seeking a silent, eco-friendly power source without the hassle of refueling, solar generators are an excellent choice over conventional gas generators. Their clean, quiet operation and freedom from fuel makes them ideal for many applications.</p>
<h2>How Much does A Solar Generator Cost?</h2>
<p>The costs of solar generators can vary widely depending on the power capacity and components. Some key factors that influence the price include:</p>
<ul><li><b>Power Output</b> - Measured in watts, more power output requires more solar panels and batteries which increases cost. Basic <strong>portable solar generators</strong> may range 300-1000 watts while larger systems for whole home backup can be 3000-10,000 watts.</li>
<li><b>Battery Capacity</b> - Measured in watt-hours (Wh), more battery storage equals higher cost. Typical capacities are 300-500Wh for portable use up to 500-3000Wh for home systems. Lithium batteries are more expensive than lead-acid.</li>
<li><b>Solar Panel Wattage</b> - Higher watt solar panels produce more power but have a higher cost per panel. 100W-360W is common.</li>
<li><b>Added Features</b> - Options like power inverters, charge controllers, LCD displays will add to the total cost. Simple portable systems tend to have fewer extra features.</li>
<li><b>Brand Reputation</b> - Established brands specializing in solar generators often demand higher prices but include better warranties and customer service.</li>
<li><b>Potential Tax Credits</b> - There are often rebates and credits available for solar generator systems which can help offset costs. Research federal, state and local incentives.</li></ul>
<p>With all those factors, costs can range quite a bit for both portable and stationary solar generator systems. Portable generators can start around $300 for very basic models up to $2500 for larger capacity lithium solar generators. Home solar backup systems usually cost $5000 up to $20,000 depending on power needs.</p>
<h2>Benefits of Solar Generators</h2>
<p>Solar generators provide several advantages over traditional gas generators:</p>
<ul><li><b>Free renewable energy</b>. Once purchased, a solar generator's fuel source is free. As long as the sun is shining, it can produce electricity. This makes solar generators very cost-effective in the long run compared to continually buying gasoline for a gas generator.</li>
<li><b>Low maintenance</b>. Solar panels are solid state with no moving parts, so they require very little maintenance. Gas generators have many moving parts like pistons and valves that require more frequent service and maintenance.</li>
<li><b>Clean energy</b>. Solar power emits no emissions or pollution. Gas generators burn fossil fuels, emitting fumes and noise pollution. Solar generators are environmentally friendly.</li></ul>
<h2>Best Battery Types for Solar Generators</h2>
<p>Solar generators rely on batteries to store the energy captured by the solar panels. Choosing the right battery type is crucial to ensure optimal performance and lifespan of your solar generator. There are three main types of batteries used in solar generators: </p>
<ul><li><b>Lead-Acid Batteries
</b><ul><li>Lead-acid batteries are the most affordable option. They use lead electrodes and sulfuric acid as the electrolyte.</li>
<li>Due to the low cost, lead-acid batteries are commonly used in automotive and marine applications.</li>
<li>However, they have a shorter lifespan of around 500 charge cycles.</li>
<li>Lead-acid batteries are also very heavy, reducing the portability of the solar generator.</li></ul></li>
<li><b>Lithium-Ion Batteries
</b><ul><li>Lithium-ion batteries have become popular for solar generators due to their light weight and long lifespan.</li>
<li>They can provide over 2,000 charge cycles while retaining around 80% of their capacity.</li>
<li>Lithium-ion batteries have a higher upfront cost. But the long lifespan offsets this over time.</li>
<li>Common types of Li-ion batteries used are LFP (lithium iron phosphate) and NMC (nickel manganese cobalt).</li></ul></li>
<li><b>Saltwater Batteries
</b><ul><li>Saltwater batteries are an emerging battery technology for solar generators.</li>
<li>They use saltwater electrolytes instead of traditional lithium-ion electrolytes.</li>
<li>Claimed advantages are very high charge cycles, low cost, and more environmental friendliness.</li>
<li>However, saltwater batteries are not yet widely commercially available or proven for solar generators.</li></ul></li></ul>
<p>When selecting a solar generator, weigh the upfront cost, expected lifespan, replacement cost, and portability needs when choosing the optimal battery type. Lithium-ion batteries offer the best balance for most users.</p>
<h2>Use Cases for Solar Generators</h2>
<p><a href="https://growattportable.com/pages/solar-generators" target="_blank">Solar generators</a> have many practical uses for providing power where traditional electricity is unavailable. Their portability and renewable energy source make them ideal for activities away from the electric grid. Here are some of the most common use cases:</p>
<ul><li><b>Outdoor Activities</b><br />
For camping, RVs, boating, and other outdoor adventures, a solar generator lets you power devices while off-grid. Charge phones, run lights, use small appliances like blenders or electric cooktops, and power other electronics. Solar generators provide quiet, clean power without fuel.</li>
<li><b>Emergency Power</b><br />
During power outages from storms and disasters, a solar generator can provide backup electricity. Power essential medical devices, lights, small kitchen appliances, and communications gear. Solar stored power works when fuel-based generators may be unavailable.</li>
<li><b>Off-Grid Living</b><br />
For cabins, tiny homes, and other off-grid residences, solar generators provide renewable electricity. They can charge a battery bank to power lights, appliances, entertainment systems, and tools. For remote areas beyond the electric grid, solar generators offer an eco-friendly solution.</li></ul>
<p>Solar generators serve many purposes for portable power needs. Their battery storage and solar charging capabilities make them versatile for activities away from traditional electricity sources. With innovation, solar generators continue to become smaller, lighter, and more efficient.</p>
<h2>Final Thoughts</h2>
<p>Solar generators provide a smart, eco-friendly solution for generating electricity, especially for smaller power needs. Unlike gas generators, they produce no emissions or noise pollution. Just by exposing their solar panels to sunlight, solar generators can convert that clean renewable energy into usable electricity.</p>
<p>This makes solar generators ideal for applications like:</p>
<ul><li>Outdoor recreation (camping, RVs, boats, etc.)</li>
<li>Emergency backup power</li>
<li>Off-grid installations and remote locations</li>
<li>Outdoor events and festivals</li>
<li>Construction sites and work crews</li>
<li><a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2019/01/solar-street-lighting-system.html">Outdoor power for tools and lighting</a></li></ul>
<p>Solar generators range from smaller portable units to larger stationary setups. While they may cost more upfront than a comparable gas generator, they pay off over time through free solar energy and lower maintenance costs. Their batteries efficiently store surplus solar power for use anytime, not just when the sun is shining.</p>
<p>For those seeking an independent, eco-friendly power source, solar generators are a smart investment. They provide reliable off-grid electricity with zero fuel costs. As solar panel efficiency improves and battery technology advances, expect solar generators to become even more capable and affordable.</p>
<div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-61719039268704230362023-12-04T16:53:00.005+05:302023-12-04T16:53:54.141+05:30Understanding PCB Assembly: Components, Process, and Best Practices<h4>Contents</h4>
<ul><li><a href="#pcb-assembly">PCBs assembly</a></li>
<li><a href="#pcb-assembly-process">The PCB Assembly Process</a></li>
<li><a href="#components">Components of PCB Assembly</a></li>
<li><a href="#best-practices">Best Practices in PCB Assembly</a></li>
<li><a href="#conclusion">Conclusion</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="pcb-assembly">PCBs assembly</h2>
<p>PCBs are the essential building blocks of contemporary electronics, supporting the electrical parts that give our electronic devices their power. In essence, a PCB assembly is a <strong>printed circuit board</strong> with electrical components such as ICs, resistors and capacitors installed on it; the process of installing these components on the PCB bare board is called the <strong>PCB Assembly process</strong>. Given the growing prevalence of the electronic devices and PCBs, it is crucial to comprehend the details of the PCB assembly process. We dig into the fundamentals of the PCB assembly in this thorough examination, covering everything from the necessary parts of a PCB to the complexities of the assembly procedure and the best practices that guarantee the functioning and the finished product.</p>
<p>There are basically three types of printed circuit board assembly:</p>
<ol><li><strong>Rigid PCBs</strong>: These are stiff PCBs, as the name indicates. These PCBs are constructed from substances like FR4, metal-core, ceramic, PTFE, etc.</li>
<li><strong>Flexible PCB</strong>: <a href="https://www.viasion.com/flex-pcb/" target="_blank">Flexible PCBs</a> are flexible. It is normally produced by polyimide or PET material. Some of the benefits of flexible PCBs include:
<ul><li>Can be bent many times.</li>
<li>Lightweight.</li>
<li>They are durable and able to absorb shocks and vibrations.</li>
<li>Can endure environmental stresses, like heat and toxins.</li></ul></li>
<li><strong>Rigid-Flex PCBs</strong>: Combines the best features of rigid and flexible PCBs in one. These are usually multilayered printed circuit boards connected by flexible circuit substrates. Uses where many times of bending is needed or extreme dependability is needed to withstand shock, vibrations, etc.</li></ol>
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<strong>Two kinds of technologies are common for printed circuit board assembly:</strong>
<ol><li><strong>Surface Mounting Technology (SMT)</strong>: Complex circuitry is a defining characteristic of electronic goods. Today, SMT is used in the manufacturing of a wide variety of PCBs. This is especially helpful for tiny, delicate parts like diodes or resistors. The following are the primary benefits of surface mount technology.
<ul><li>It is well-suited for automated soldering and manufacturing.</li>
<li>It is economical.</li>
<li>It handles the high component density.</li>
<li>It can combine more components on one small PCB.</li></ul>
Its major drawback is that it isn’t entirely dependable under extreme heat or pressure conditions compared to PTH assembly.</li>
<li><strong>Through-hole technology</strong>: This is helpful when parts need to be plugged through holes on the board in order to be installed. It is better to use this technique when there are big components. Other benefits of through-hole technology are as follows: It forges solid connections between the board and the components. These functions well in high-heat applications like transforms, for example. Because the parts are interchangeable, it’s ideal for prototyping and testing. One of the drawbacks of through-hole drilling is how costly and time-consuming it is.</li></ol>
<p><b>How do we choose from a through-hole printed circuit board assembly and an SMT assembly for my project?</b></p>
<ul><li>SMT is repeatedly recommended when working with complicated boards that have small parts and high density.</li>
<li>Through-hole is the best option for big components and applications that need to endure heat and pressure. But frequently, a mix of the two can be what’s needed right now.</li></ul>
<h2 id="pcb-assembly-process">The PCB Assembly Process</h2>
<p>The process of assembling printed circuit boards involves a multitude of components and a painstaking manufacturing process. It is a sophisticated and nuanced dance between accuracy and technology. The painstaking process of <a href="https://www.viasion.com/pcb-assembly/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">PCB assembly</a> turns a blank PCB into an operational electrical gadget. The following steps are commonly involved in the assembling process:</p>
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<ul><li><b>Application of Solder Paste:</b> The pads on the PCB are covered with a thin coating of solder paste by using an SMT stencil. By serving as an adhesive, this paste holds the parts in place and creates the foundation for the solder junctions.</li>
<li><b>Component placement:</b> Place the <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/09/brief-introduction-to-circuits.html">electrical components</a> to the PCB bare board is the initial step. Components are accurately positioned by automated pick-and-place machines in accordance with the design parameters included in Gerber files.</li>
<li><b>Reflow Soldering:</b> The solder paste is heated under regulated conditions while the PCB is run through a reflow soldering oven. The solder is melted during this procedure, resulting in dependable and sturdy connections between the PCB and the components.</li>
<li><b>Inspection:</b> To find any flaws in the soldering or component placements, the assembled PCB is subjected to a comprehensive inspection process that includes both automated testing and visual inspections. AOI equipment can be employed to examine concealed joints in more detail. Also, an X-ray is needed to check the BGA assembly quality. </li>
<li><b>Inserting Through-Hole Components (if Applicable):</b> In the event that the design calls for through-hole components, they are soldered manually or using a wave soldering technique after being placed into the appropriate holes in the PCB.</li>
<li><b>Cleaning:</b> To get rid of any pollutants or leftover flux from the soldering operation, the PCB is cleaned. Maintaining cleanliness is essential to the PCB’s long-term dependability.</li>
<li><b>Quality Control Testing:</b> To make sure that every component is operating as intended, thorough functional testing is the last phase. Functional testing and environmental testing for variables like humidity and temperature may all fall under this category.</li></ul>
<h2 id="components">Components of PCB Assembly</h2>
<p>Understanding the parts of a PCB is essential before beginning the assembling process. Several different parts are assembled during PCB manufacturing to produce a working electrical circuit. These parts may be roughly divided into two groups: passive and active parts. Every component has a distinct purpose in the operation of the electronics circuit, and the successful integration of all of the components is essential to the final product’s overall performance. Below is a summary of every category. </p>
<p><b>Passive Components:</b> Resistors, capacitors, inductors, ceramic oscillators, crystal oscillators, transformers, etc.</p>
<p><b>Active Components:</b> IC (Integrated Circuits) chips, diode, BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor), MOSFET, active crystals, image tubes and displays, etc. </p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFGJKIG3TEKcw5U08NE2ZRouGLg311rmCkVTsJWelZa8A5dUgx3TVn1rLJp9Jb_lC1bpYZ-5odAd7GxD3V3u0pOHqIKk-PaRpoYyxYvWrt_cS9x-jc2gGAqyA3Q7DZRr4A28QYs9X5VUXLNF_yy2cSQyF4KNqbChpiSdNGaUMMDEBjKidTVoC6meXfJh4a/s1600/components-of-pcb-assembly.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="425" data-original-width="625" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFGJKIG3TEKcw5U08NE2ZRouGLg311rmCkVTsJWelZa8A5dUgx3TVn1rLJp9Jb_lC1bpYZ-5odAd7GxD3V3u0pOHqIKk-PaRpoYyxYvWrt_cS9x-jc2gGAqyA3Q7DZRr4A28QYs9X5VUXLNF_yy2cSQyF4KNqbChpiSdNGaUMMDEBjKidTVoC6meXfJh4a/s1600/components-of-pcb-assembly.png" /></a></div>
<h2 id="best-practices">Best Practices in PCB Assembly</h2>
<p>The following 8 best practices are basic for PCB assembly success in order to guarantee performance and dependability. </p>
<ol><li><b>Design for Manufacturability (DFM)</b>: Work closely with PCB designers to develop designs that are suited for manufacturing, taking accessibility for testing, heat management, and component placement into account. To make sure your PCBs are error-free and operate flawlessly, you should do a design for manufacturing (DFM) test. By detecting design flaws early on, the test helps to prevent expensive mistakes and delays later on. Problems that can be detected early on include component polarity, footprint corroboration, and distance between components.
<ul><li>Reduce manufacturing costs.</li>
<li>Expedite delivery and reduce the time needed.</li>
<li>Boost the quality of the product.</li></ul>
It is crucial that the DFM test be carried out by knowledgeable and detail-oriented experts.
</li>
<li><b>Automated Inspection</b>: To detect flaws early in the assembly process and lower the likelihood of defective items reaching the market, use automated inspection procedures like AOI. </li>
<li><b>Thermal management</b>: To properly disperse heat, especially in devices that are prone to producing large heat, make sure that features such as heat sinks and thermal vias are incorporated.</li>
<li><b>X-ray inspection</b>: Conducting an X-ray examination on PCBs with BGA components to identify quality problems and other issues following the reflow soldering process is another recommended procedure. This technique works especially well with intricate and stacked PCBs. The X-ray procedure aids in identifying defects like:
<ul><li>Open or short under BGA </li>
<li>There is not enough solder paste.</li>
<li>Fault Reflow profile </li></ul>
</li>
<li><b>Final inspection</b>: Thorough checks will be done by a qualified PCB assembler to guarantee that the PCBs are error-free and operational. At this point, automated optical inspection (AOI), which employs cameras to find faults, is frequently used. You may quickly go through a lot of PCBs with the aid of AOI. Although it takes a lot of time and effort, manual inspection is nevertheless sometimes useful for batches of PCBs. Additional tests, such as functional and in-circuit testing, could be included in the final inspection.</li>
<li><b>Traceability and Documentation</b>: Keep thorough records of all tests, version control, and component traceability during the assembly process.</li>
<li><b>Environmental Considerations</b>: Take into account the circumstances the device will be subjected to and include safeguards such as conformal coating to out pollutants, moisture, and dust.</li>
<li><b>Continuous Training</b>: Provide assembly workers with regulator training to keep them updated on the newest developments in tools, materials, and methods.</li></ol>
<h2 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h2>
<p>In summary, PCB assembly is a crucial process in electronics manufacturing, bridging design concepts to tangible technological devices. Each stage, from precise component placement to meticulous testing, contributes to the final product's reliability. The accuracy of PCB assembly remains pivotal in driving innovation and shaping electronic products in our interconnected world. Advanced technology has enhanced PCB testing for improved accuracy and dependability. Implementing best practices and choosing a qualified PCB assembler significantly influences the quality of the produced PCBs. </p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-81615745291598460082023-10-01T20:57:00.000+05:302023-10-01T20:57:06.094+05:30Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVR) for GeneratorIt is important to keep voltage constant (within limits) at various levels in a <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/p/power-system.html">power system</a>. There are various <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2018/04/voltage-control-in-power-system.html">methods of voltage control</a> at various levels. An <strong>Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)</strong> is used for controlling the output voltage of a generator (<a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/02/AC-generator-alternator-construction-working.html">alternator</a>) in a power station.<br />
<div style="margin-top: 10px;">
The terminal voltage of a generator fluctuates due to change in supplied load or several other reasons. Therefore, an <strong>automatic voltage regulator (AVR)</strong> is provided with every generator in a <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2015/07/power-plants.html">power station</a>. There are many types of automatic voltage regulators. Earlier AVR for generators were electromechanical systems, but a modern AVR uses solid-state devices such as thyristors.</div>
<h2>
Working principle of an Automatic Voltage Regulator</h2>
<p>Basically, an Automatic Voltage Regulator is a feedback control system. The output voltage of the Generator is measured using a <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/06/instrument-transformers-ct-and-pt.html">Potential Transformer</a> then rectified, filtered and fed to a comparator. This comparator copares the obtained output voltage with a set reference voltage. The difference between generator output voltage and the reference voltage is called as the error voltage. This error voltage is amplified and then used to control the excitation of the Generator.</p>
<p>An AVR controls the terminal voltage using excitation control method, i.e. the output voltage of the terminal can be kept by varying the field current of the alternator.</p>
<p>If the excitation current of an alternator is increased, the output voltage of the alternator will also increase. The <strong>relationship between the excitation current (field current) and the output voltage of an alternator</strong> can be described by the following equation:</p>
<b>V=K⋅Φ⋅N⋅f </b><br />
Where:
<ul style="list-style-type: none;">
<li>V is the output voltage of the alternator.</li>
<li>K is a constant that depends on the characteristics of the alternator.</li>
<li>Φ is the magnetic flux produced by the rotor (field current).</li>
<li>N is the number of turns in the stator windings.</li>
<li>f is the frequency of the output voltage.</li>
</ul>
<p>From this equation, you can see that the output voltage (V) is directly proportional to the excitation current (Φ). Therefore, if you increase the excitation current by adjusting the excitation system (typically controlled by an Automatic Voltage Regulator or AVR), the magnetic flux (Φ) increases, resulting in a higher output voltage (V).</p>
<p>Conversely, if you decrease the excitation current, the magnetic flux decreases, leading to a lower output voltage. This relationship allows for precise control of the alternator's output voltage, which is essential for maintaining a stable and regulated voltage supply in power generation and <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2018/01/electric-power-distribution-system.html">distribution systems</a>.</p>
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<p><b>Voltage Sensing:</b> The AVR constantly monitors the terminal voltage of the generator. This voltage sensing is typically done through a potential transformer (PT) or a voltage transformer (VT), which steps down the generator's voltage to a manageable level for the AVR to process.</p>
<p><b>Comparison and Error Detection:</b> The AVR compares the sensed voltage to a reference voltage or setpoint. This reference voltage is the desired output voltage that the generator should maintain. Any deviation from this setpoint voltage is considered an error.</p>
<p><b>Error Amplification:</b> To correct the error, the AVR uses an error amplifier. This amplifier magnifies the error signal to a level suitable for controlling the generator's excitation system.</p>
<p><b>Excitation System Control:</b> The excitation system is responsible for providing the necessary field current to the generator's rotor windings. This field current determines the strength of the <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/02/production-of-rotating-magnetic-field.html">magnetic field</a> and, consequently, the generator's output voltage. The AVR adjusts the excitation system to either increase or decrease the field current based on the error signal.</p>
<p><b>Adjustment of Field Current:</b> If the sensed voltage is below the setpoint voltage, the AVR increases the field current, strengthening the magnetic field. This, in turn, boosts the generator's terminal voltage. Conversely, if the sensed voltage is above the setpoint, the AVR reduces the field current, weakening the magnetic field and lowering the generator's voltage.</p>
<p><b>Feedback Loop:</b> The entire process is iterative and continuous, creating a feedback loop. As the AVR makes adjustments, it keeps monitoring the voltage, ensuring it stays within the desired range. This continuous correction maintains a stable and regulated output voltage.</p>
<p><b>Thyristor Control (Modern AVRs):</b> In modern AVRs, solid-state devices like thyristors are used for precise control of the excitation system. Thyristors are semiconductor devices that allow for rapid and accurate adjustments to the field current. They offer a faster response time compared to older electromechanical systems, enabling tighter voltage control.</p>
<p><b>Protection Features:</b> AVRs often come with built-in protection features. These features can include over-voltage protection, under-voltage protection, over-excitation protection, and more. They safeguard the generator and connected equipment from voltage-related issues that could cause damage.</p>
<p><b>Communication and Monitoring:</b> In many setups, AVRs are integrated into a larger control and monitoring system. This allows operators to remotely monitor the generator's voltage and receive alerts or alarms if any voltage-related issues arise.</p>
In conclusion, an <strong>Automatic Voltage Regulator</strong> plays a vital role in maintaining a stable voltage output from a generator. It continuously monitors the voltage, compares it to a setpoint, and adjusts the excitation system to ensure that the generator produces the desired voltage. With the advent of solid-state devices like thyristors, modern AVRs offer precise and efficient voltage control, contributing to the reliability and performance of power systems in various applications.
<h2>Quick Voltage Control Using Overshooting the Mark Principle</h2>
<p>Many quick-acting automatic voltage regulators (AVRs) employ "overshooting the mark principle" to maintain voltage stability. For example, Tirril Regulator and Brown-Boveri Regulator.</p>
<p>When the system encounters increased load, the AVR will try to increase the excitation current by increasing the exciter voltage. But due to large inductance of the alternator, the field current (excitation current) will take some time to reach the desired steady value. This delay can be too slow to react to sudden load changes.</p>
<p>To address this, when the load on the alternator rises, the regulator reacts by initially boosting the excitation more than required. This quick increase speeds up the voltage rise. But, before the voltage gets too high, the regulator steps in to lower the excitation to the correct level. This approach ensures a faster response to load changes without allowing voltage to overshoot its target.</p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-8764816244717937542023-09-22T21:08:00.005+05:302023-09-22T21:10:12.508+05:30What is Complex Programmable Logic Device?<h2>What is CPLD(Complex Programmable Logic Device)?</h2>
<p>The PAL (Programmable Array Logic) and GAL (Generic Array Logic) devices were combined to create the <strong>CPLD</strong>, also known as the <strong>Complex Programmable Logic Device</strong>, which is a sizable <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit" target="_blank">integrated circuit</a>. Its size and complexity are both comparatively large. For this kind of digital integrated circuit, users can construct their own logic functions in accordance with their needs. The integrated development software platform generates the matching target file using schematic diagrams and hardware description language, which is then sent to the target chip via the download cable (referred to as "in-system" programming) to implement the specified digital system. An integrated circuit called a CPLD aids in the operation of digital systems. An FPGA, on the other hand, is an integrated circuit that is primarily made to be altered by a customer or a developer after production. Up to 100,000 tiny logic blocks can be found in FPGAs. FPGA can be used in <a href="https://www.ersaelectronics.com/blog/ic-chips-fueling-the-future-of-drone-innovation.html" target="_blank">Drone Innovation</a> field and <a href="https://www.ersaelectronics.com/blog/fpga-application-in-radar-system.html" target="_blank">Radar System</a>.</p>
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<h2>Evolution of CPLD</h2>
<p>The subclass of the PLA known as Programmable Array Logic (PAL) is. It has a huge, programmable electronic component for ANDing inputs, just as the PLA. But the number of sentences that can be ORed together is constrained by the fixed nature of the OR plane. Latching devices, exclusive ORs, multiplexers, and other fundamental logic components enhance the inputs and outputs. It is crucial to incorporate timed components, frequently flip-flops.</p>
<p>The Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD), also known as the Complex Programmable Logic Device, is a substantial integrated circuit that was made by combining the PAL and GAL devices. The FPGA and SPLD, which are more complicated than the CPLD (complex programmable logic device), share functionality with the CPLD despite being simpler than it. CPLDs are less complex than FPGAs, but they are more complex than SPLDs. The PAL (programmable array logic), PLA (programmable logic array), and GAL (generic array logic) are the most often utilized SPLDs.
</p>
<h2>The Structure of CPLD</h2>
<p>A CPLD is made up of three parts: an I/O block, a programmable interconnect channel, and a logic block.A programmable interconnect matrix cell (PIMC) at the center of the CPLD is encircled by programmable logic macro cells (MC, Macro Cell). The most complex of them all, the MC structure stands out as having a complex I/O cell interconnection structure that can be customized by the user to meet the needs of a particular circuit structure to carry out particular tasks. The timing of the suggested logic circuits may be reliably anticipated since each internal logic block in the CPLD is connected using fixed-length metal wires, avoiding the disadvantage of segmented connectivity topologies</p>
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<p>A CPLD's logic blocks typically comprise 4 to 20 macrocells, each of which has a variety of product terms, product term assignments, and programmable registers, similar to a compact PLD. Each macrocell has a variety of configurations that can all be used in cascade to do more complex combinational and temporal logic operations. For highly integrated CPLDs, embedded array blocks with on-chip RAM or ROM are frequently provided. Programmable interconnect channels are used to provide a network connecting logic blocks, macrocells, and input and output pins. The interface between internal logic and a device's I/O pins is provided by I/O blocks. CPLDs with larger logic scales also typically have built-in JTAG boundary-scan test circuitry, which allows full and thorough system testing of programmed high-density programmable logic devices in addition to in-system programming via the JTAG interface.</p>
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<h2>CPLD Features</h2>
<ul>
<li>Large density range and high performance.</li>
<li>Non-volatile configuration memory and user-programmable ground pin functionality.</li>
<li>Slew rate control for each output separately.</li>
<li>Flexible 36 Vs 18 functional blocks.</li>
<li>Flexible programming, high integration, short design and development cycle, wide applicability, advanced development tools, low design and manufacturing cost, low hardware experience for designers, no testing required for standard products, high confidentiality, and popular price are some of the features of CPLD.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2020/04/power-electronics.html">Electronic</a> engineers now need to be proficient in the design and use of CPLD devices since they have grown to be an essential component of electronic goods.</li>
<li>CPLD is frequently used in product prototyping and product manufacturing (typically below 10,000 pieces) because it can realize bigger scale circuit design.</li>
</ul>
<h2>CPLD programming</h2>
<p>The programming languages for CPLDs are Verilog and VHDL, while the development tools are quartusII, ISE, etc. A logic design can be described using VHDL, a hardware description language (HDL). A configuration file that may be put into an FPGA or CPLD to implement the logic design is created when software tools scan a VHDL logic design. The name VHSIC Hardware Description Language is abbreviated as VHDL. A Very High-Speed Integrated Circuit is what this is. Here is an example of the design flow for the chip used in the snatcher's ornamentation. Most of the work done by the CPLD is done on computers. Here are the steps for programming a CPLD:</p>
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<p>7128 The test is turned on once the chip has been pinned out and after the digital tube, snatch switch, indicator, and buzzer have been wired to the chipboard. The associated bit of the indicator should turn on when the snatch switch is depressed. Check to see if the results are added appropriately on the digital display after the judge adds points. If flaws are found, the hardware description language schematic diagram can be changed to correct the design.</p>
<p>Once the design is finished, new CPLD chips can be quickly copied for mass production; that is, the code can be written. To develop further designs for the chip, such as traffic light designs, you must once more write the hardware description language or sketch the schematic diagram. Then, to complete the design, repeat the previous stages. Similar to rebuilding a home, this design alteration is made possible by CPLDs, which allow for tens of thousands of iterations.
</p>
<h2>Pros and cons of CPLD</h2>
<h3>Pros of CPLD</h3>
<ul>
<li>CPLD is simple to design.</li>
<li>CPLD was developed at a modest cost.</li>
<li>It aids in reducing the size of the board.</li>
<li>High reliability is provided by CPLD.</li>
<li>Ownership cost.</li>
<li>More sales of the goods.</li>
<li>The market is reached after fairly brief development cycles.</li>
<li>Faster creates revenue more quickly.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Cons of CPLD</h3>
<ul>
<li>CPLD is a more sophisticated programmable logic device than SPLD.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Xilinx CPLD vs. FPGA</h2>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="137">
<p align="center"> </p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="271">
<p align="center">FPGA</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="241">
<p align="center">CPLD</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="137">
<p align="center">Applicable design</p>
</td>
<td width="271">
<p>Complex timing functions</p>
</td>
<td width="241">
<p>Simple logic functions</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="137">
<p align="center">Interconnection Structure</p>
</td>
<td width="271">
<p>Distributed, rich cabling resources</p>
</td>
<td width="241">
<p>Aggregate, relatively limited cabling resources</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="137">
<p align="center">Confidentiality</p>
</td>
<td width="271">
<p>Generally less private. Although it is difficult to implement encryption on a general-purpose FPGA, some modern devices that use flash + SRAM technology (like Lattice's xp series, etc.) in the internal linkage of the loaded flash can offer a higher level of confidentiality.</p>
</td>
<td width="241">
<p>Generally better confidentiality</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="137">
<p align="center">Cost and price</p>
</td>
<td width="271">
<p>High price and cost</p>
</td>
<td width="241">
<p>Low price and cost</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="137">
<p align="center">Structural process</p>
</td>
<td width="271">
<p>The implementation method for the majority of the LUT plus register structure is primarily SRAM and also includes Flash, Anti-Fuse, and other operations.</p>
</td>
<td width="241">
<p>Product phrase; the predominant process is E2CMOS; additional processes include EEPROM, Flash, Anti-Fuse, and others.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="137">
<p align="center">Number of flip flops</p>
</td>
<td width="271">
<p>Many</p>
</td>
<td width="241">
<p>Few</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="137">
<p align="center">Pin to pin Time Delay</p>
</td>
<td width="271">
<p>Unpredictable. For FPGAs, timing constraints and simulation are very important.</p>
</td>
<td width="241">
<p>Fixed</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="137">
<p align="center">Scale and Logical Complexity</p>
</td>
<td width="271">
<p>Large scale, high logic complexity, and new devices up to the trillion gate level.</p>
</td>
<td width="241">
<p>Small size and low logical complexity</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="137">
<p align="center">Programming and configuration</p>
</td>
<td width="271">
<p>There are typically two types: online programming using an MCU or DSP and external BootRom. Most of them are essentially RAM types, and when the power is turned off, the program is lost. In contrast to current FPGAs with inbuilt Flash or EECMOS, such as Lattice's XP device family, anti-fuse process FPGAs, like several of Actel's device families, typically retain their original logic configuration after a power failure.</p>
</td>
<td width="241">
<p>There are two ways to program a device: using a programmer to write ROM and using ISP mode, which is more practical because the software will not be lost when the device is powered off.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Conclusion of CPLD vs. FPGA</h2>
<p>FPGAs have distributed and rich cabling resources, while CPLDs have aggregate and relatively limited cabling resources. In FPGAs, the implementation method for the majority of the LUT plus register structure is primarily SRAM and also includes Flash, Anti-Fuse, and other operations, while in CPLDs, mostly product term, process is mostly E2CMOS, also contains <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2023/09/how-does-eeprom-work.html">EEPROM</a>, Flash, Anti-Fuse and other different processes.
The transition from discrete logic devices to entry-level FPGAs is made possible by simple programmable logic devices (SPLDs) and complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs), which are less complex components. Low power consumption, low logic density, and minimal complexity per chip are the main features of entry-level FPGAs. Devices with enhanced functionality add functional blocks with particular functions: A few examples include high-speed transceivers, Ethernet MACs, PCI express controllers, phase-locked loops (PLLs), high-speed serializers, and deserializers.
</p>
<h2>Application scenarios of CPLD</h2>
<p>Once more, CPLD utilization speeds up and streamlines the product development process. Simulators can be run throughout development, allowing for the modification and customization of specifications as well as reducing development risk. Additionally, just like with many PLDs, designing without physically building the circuit is made simpler by the use of hardware description languages.</p>
<p>The rate at which new products are developed today is accelerating. There are numerous new things as you look around. It is safe to state that CPLDs are essential for such contemporary businesses' product development processes.
</p>
<h2>CPLD FAQ</h2>
<h3>What is the CPLD?</h3>
<p>The PAL and GAL devices were combined to create the CPLD, also known as the Complex Programmable Logic Device, which is a sizable integrated circuit. Its size and complexity are both comparatively large. For this kind of digital integrated circuit, users can construct their own logic functions in accordance with their needs.</p>
<h3>What does CPLD stand for?</h3>
<p>Using CPLD technology, field programmable gate array configuration data are loaded from non-volatile memory. CPLDs are frequently used in a range of applications due to their tiny size and low power consumption, such as in price-sensitive, battery-operated portable devices.</p>
<h3>Differences between CPLD and FPGA</h3>
<p>Contrary to CPLDs, which have aggregate and comparatively meager cabling resources, FPGAs have widely distributed and rich cabling resources. In FPGAs, the majority of the LUT plus register structure is implemented using SRAM, along with other operations like Flash and Anti-Fuse. In CPLDs, the majority of the product term is implemented using E2CMOS, along with additional operations like EEPROM, Flash, and Anti-Fuse.</p>
<h3>Why choose CPLD over FPGA?</h3>
<p>Since CPLDs have bigger regions to implement more logic configurations, they are faster than FPGAs. A CPLD has two different types of interconnects: adjustable logic interconnect and programmable interconnect.</p>
<div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-24142599527422805802023-09-06T23:42:00.001+05:302023-09-06T23:46:52.681+05:30How does EEPROM work?<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKoafJhskYZV_FNFMRk3mWQv8Rd63lkC5La4saFIT0mBGIpZzW38qw5hNwM-0XprlA_CPM2_y7UDXrwqxTGl9xy6x2qynx9HthLz2fZL9KFjJDtQ-SYM-0jR5kCHXPRCymJzvxg0Td7M5Dk2hY3XJ7UoHJQ7TFaOivtFU_hnN0DvOlFyDGpQfpz_XsubSv/s1600/eeprom-arduino-uno-microcontroller.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="eeprom, arduino-uno, microcontroller" border="0" data-original-height="347" data-original-width="524" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKoafJhskYZV_FNFMRk3mWQv8Rd63lkC5La4saFIT0mBGIpZzW38qw5hNwM-0XprlA_CPM2_y7UDXrwqxTGl9xy6x2qynx9HthLz2fZL9KFjJDtQ-SYM-0jR5kCHXPRCymJzvxg0Td7M5Dk2hY3XJ7UoHJQ7TFaOivtFU_hnN0DvOlFyDGpQfpz_XsubSv/s16000/eeprom-arduino-uno-microcontroller.jpg" title="eeprom, arduino-uno, microcontroller" /></a></div>
<h4>Table of contents</h4>
<ol><li><a href="#whateeprom">What is the EEPROM?</a></li>
<li><a href="#whatflash">What is the Flash?</a></li>
<li><a href="#videoeeprom">Video related to EEPROM</a></li>
<li><a href="#eepflash">EEPROM vs. Flash</a></li>
<li><a href="#eepft">EEPROM Features</a></li>
<li><a href="#eepwork">Working principle of EEPROM</a></li>
<li><a href="#eeptypes">Types of EEPROM memory</a></li>
<li><a href="#procons">Pros and cons of EEPROM</a></li>
<li><a href="#eepfail">EEPROM Failure Mode</a></li>
<li><a href="#eepworks">How does EEPROM work?</a></li>
<li><a href="#eepworkm">How eeprom works in microcontroller?</a></li>
<li><a href="#eepfaq">EEPROM FAQ</a></li></ol>
<h2 id="#whateeprom">What is EEPROM?</h2>
<p><strong>Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory</strong>, or <a href="https://www.ampheo.com/blog/eprom-vs-eeprom-main-differences-between-them.html" target="_blank">EEPROM</a> for short, is a form of non-volatile memory used in computers, meaning that the data recorded is retained even if power is removed. It is typically built into microcontrollers like smart cards. By using specific programming signals, it is possible to program and delete EEPROMs inside of a <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/09/brief-introduction-to-circuits.html">circuit</a>. The lifetime of the EEPROM is a crucial design factor for EEPROMs that are often reprogrammed because we can write and program the IC multiple times in EEPROMs.</p>
<p>The term "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory" target="_blank">flash</a>" is frequently used to represent non-volatile memory having big erase blocks and a short lifetime. Flash is a form of EEPROM built for high speed and high density. However, non-volatile memory with small erase blocks and extended life is frequently referred to as "EEPROM" in this context.</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLbPPzdn7gxwUYvRYi3YygCAJM51MakbLxf7q6Fzjh3blcMR9W66nVvhbjK4dlNAQHjsyxGv8-6QEG9xKS2VLftWmCLPmSdxfLgc1vPgKKTficoeIo-GIFeHDJXKlF1kFuw5XJNoOSLz51KkxIZBXn_UxkfEvoyCD7M9bB-LmZQmnK4sulFquWmYkz0819/s1600/eeprom.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="eeprom" border="0" data-original-height="251" data-original-width="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLbPPzdn7gxwUYvRYi3YygCAJM51MakbLxf7q6Fzjh3blcMR9W66nVvhbjK4dlNAQHjsyxGv8-6QEG9xKS2VLftWmCLPmSdxfLgc1vPgKKTficoeIo-GIFeHDJXKlF1kFuw5XJNoOSLz51KkxIZBXn_UxkfEvoyCD7M9bB-LmZQmnK4sulFquWmYkz0819/s16000/eeprom.jpg" title="eeprom" /></a></div>
<h2 id="whatflash">What is Flash?</h2>
<p>Flash, which is also known as flash memory, combines the advantages of ROM and RAM with those of NVRAM in that it can read data quickly and is also electronically erasable and programmable (EEPROM).</p>
<h3 id="videoeeprom">Video related to EEPROM</h3>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7qa1dsCpMMo" width="320" youtube-src-id="7qa1dsCpMMo"></iframe>
<h2 id="eepflash"><a href="https://www.ampheo.com/blog/eeprom-vs-flash-main-differences-between-them.html" target="_blank">EEPROM vs. Flash</a></h2>
<p>The greatest distinction is that while EEPROM offers read and write operations by byte, FLASH reads and writes by block or sector. Additionally, EEPROM capacity is often extremely modest compared to FLASH storage, which can be very big. Once more, these are many application scenarios: Small-capacity data that is dispersed, such as flag bits, a collection of data, etc., is stored in EERPOM.</p>
<h3 id="eepft">EEPROM Features</h3>
<ul><li>To read from, write to, or erase data from the EEPROM, two separate voltages are needed.</li>
<li>The retention time of the chip is constrained.</li>
<li>It is pricey when compared to other memory alternatives.</li>
<li>Making adjustments to the serial cell takes time.</li>
<li>To modify the chip's data, no further hardware is needed.</li>
<li>Byte by byte data deletion is possible.</li>
<li>Hardware data protection with write protect pins.</li>
<li>16-byte page (4K, 8K, and 16K) and 8-byte page (1K, 2K) write modes.</li>
<li>Writing partial ages is permitted.</li>
<li>Automatic writing cycle.</li></ul>
<h2 id="eepwork">Working principle of EEPROM</h2>
<p>The same idea underlies UV-EPROM and EEPROM. The features of the cell will be altered by the trapped electrons in the floating gate, which will cause the cell to store a logic "0" or "1" rather than a logic "0". The memory type that uses the fewest standards for cell design is EEPROM. The majority of cells have two <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/12/basics-of-power-electronics.html#transistors">transistors</a>. In this instance, the floating gate on the memory transistor will catch the electrons.</p>
<p>In addition, an access transistor is present for use. The cell is deleted in an EEPROM when the electrons are trapped in the floating cell, as opposed to an EPROM, which erases the cell when the electrons are released from the floating gate. Serial access and parallel access EEPROMs are two distinct groups. Ninety percent of all EEPROMs on the market have serial access, whereas just ten percent have parallel access.</p>
<h2 id="eeptypes">Types of EEPROM memory</h2>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="85"></td>
<td>Serial EEPROM Memory</td>
<td>Parallel EEPROM Memory</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Definition</td>
<td>
Because there are fewer pins on this type of chip, also called an E2PROM, operations
must be serialized, making it more difficult to operate. This kind is slower
than parallel units because the data is sent in a serial fashion. There are a
number of prevalent interface types: 1-Wire UNI/O over SPI Microwire I2C.
</td>
<td>
Typically, these devices have an 8-bit wide bus. The device typically has pins to block
selection and writing operations. There are also certain microcontrollers
that can integrate parallel EEPROM for software storage. When compared to
serial devices, the chip operates more quickly and simply. This type's larger
size as a result of the greater quantity of pins is a drawback.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Features</td>
<td>
- Ability to read sequentially<br />
- Function to prevent writing because of incorrect instruction recognition<br />
- 106 endurance<br />
- Capacity for memory: S-93C46B 1 K-bit<br />
- Data for the first shipment: FFFFh
</td>
<td>
- MIL-STD-883 testing<br />
- Internal Error Correction Circuit<br />
- Optional software data protection mechanism<br />
- Extra bits for device identification<br />
- Battery-voltage (2.7V), low-voltage (3V) and 5V devices<br />
- Industrial-strength gadget PDIP, PLCC, SOIC, and TSOP are all RoHS compliant<br />
- Military-grade ceramic hermetic packaging dual marked with Standard Microcircuit Drawings (SMD) part numbers
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Applications</td>
<td colspan="2">
EEPROMs are employed in a variety of industries, including telecom, consumer, automotive, and industrial. The reprogrammable calibration data for test equipment and data storage from a learn function similar to a remote control transmitter are some of the other applications.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Serial vs. Parallel</td>
<td colspan="2">
Parallel EEPROM chips can be used in flash and EPROM devices. Compared to the serial EEPROM approach, it features a faster and more reliable data transfer mechanism. Due to the higher pin count, it is larger, denser, and more expensive. These reasons make flash or serial EEPROMs more popular than parallel EEPROMs.
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="procons">Pros and cons of EEPROM</h2>
<h3>Pros of EEPROM:</h3>
<ul><li>EEPROM is simple to reprogram, and you may do so without taking it out of the computer or using any special tools.</li>
<li>In contrast to EPROM, which employs UV signals and erases memory in minutes, EEPROM electronically erases content in 5–10 ms.</li>
<li>Since data uses electrical signals and provides the option of deleting either the entire contents or a specific byte, it can be deleted swiftly.</li>
<li>Non-volatile EEPROM data keeps its integrity even after the power is turned off.</li></ul>
<h3>Cons of EEPROM:</h3>
<ul><li>Data retention issues arise from the fact that the employed insulator isn't a perfect insulator and that the manufacturer only offers a ten-year data retention warranty.</li>
<li>The material must be viewed, written on, and deleted using different voltages.</li></ul>
<h2 id="eepfail">EEPROM Failure Mode</h2>
<p>Data storage duration: Electrons are injected into the floating gate of the EEPROM architecture and then allowed to wander through an imperfect insulator. Due to this floating, a small amount of charge is lost, which results in the erasure of some data and the return of the memory cell to its previously erased condition.<br />
Manufacturers provide a short data retention duration of a set number of years (for example, 10 years) due to this. Temperature and other external factors could shorten the EEPROM's data retention time.</p>
<p>Data persistence: During a rewrite process, the bit cell in the EEPROM enters the programmed state. The buildup of caught electrons in the FGT is what causes this. The threshold for the "zero state" cannot be calculated as more electrons are collected, leaving the cell permanently in the programmed state and perhaps resulting in fragmentation failure. The needed minimum and maximum number of rewrite cycles is therefore specified by EEPROM manufacturers.</p>
<h2 id="eepworks">How does EEPROM work?</h2>
<p>We used the EEPROM 24C02, which has a 2 KB memory capacity, from the circuit to store the necessary password or number entered by the keypad, both of which are interfaced to the microcontroller seen in the figure. The user must enter the password using the keypad when he wants to unlock the lock, which is signaled by an LCD display that is properly connected to the microcontroller. The microprocessor sends logic high signals to pins 38 and 37 to either open or close the door if it matches the password that was previously saved in the EEPROM and retrieved by the microcontroller. Two bulbs can be used to signal door opening and closing for the purpose of output verification.</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh00QaeWOxVO89Wp809YQba54Mhb6dQCPMG37rw8vqf2LT7MLltzkzB0X95KqdiGXsY8YZBp7j-z7QKhK1IJ8b69c2qQaNuyDjAdouPkME_wZuIa2obWciGtP3tkoKQX7xq1d7QTMfQFdXIlvnWmeISXlIVocGF0YoeRK2_2wgLOv0sUn2PEhzqcKEgfaA-/s1600/eeprom-microcontroller.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="eeprom microcontroller" border="0" data-original-height="511" data-original-width="867" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh00QaeWOxVO89Wp809YQba54Mhb6dQCPMG37rw8vqf2LT7MLltzkzB0X95KqdiGXsY8YZBp7j-z7QKhK1IJ8b69c2qQaNuyDjAdouPkME_wZuIa2obWciGtP3tkoKQX7xq1d7QTMfQFdXIlvnWmeISXlIVocGF0YoeRK2_2wgLOv0sUn2PEhzqcKEgfaA-/s16000/eeprom-microcontroller.jpg" title="eeprom microcontroller" /></a></div>
<h2 id="eepworkm">How eeprom works in microcontroller?</h2>
<p>I2C is mostly used to connect microcontrollers and EEPROM. This is another name for the I2C master-slave protocol. Two signals make up I2C: a clock signal and a data signal. The clock signal, SCL, is under the Master's control. Data is transmitted using clock signal modification. The same clock drives every slave connected to the master. The interface with microcontrollers is depicted in the following figure:</p>
<p>The master IC can be connected to a variety of slave devices. Each slave has their own address, and the master device likewise has one. An LCD, a keyboard, a clock, a thermometer, or a memory interface could be the slave device. Here, the EEPROM will serve as the slave device and the I2C controller will serve as the master. For read or write operations, a set of control signals is sent. Address bits and data bits are included in these control signals. These control signals are accompanied by suitable clock signals.</p>
<h2 id="eepfaq">EEPROM FAQ</h2>
<h3>What is the EEPROM?</h3>
<p>Single bytes of data can be erased and reprogrammed using a non-volatile ROM called an EEPROM. As a result, EEPROM chips are additionally known as byte erasable chips. EEPROM is commonly used by computers and other electrical devices to store small amounts of data.</p>
<h3>What is the speed difference between a parallel EEPROM (PEEPROM) and a serial device?</h3>
<p>The 90 ns tAA speed of a PEEPROM is equivalent to about 11 MHz of serial clock speed. As a result, the PEEPROM's communication speed and capacity for simultaneous access to 8 or 16 bits enable high data transmission rates.</p>
<h3>EEPROM vs EPROM</h3>
<p>Both EPROM and EEPROM are erasable and reprogrammable, but the key distinction between the two is that EEPROM may be wiped using electric impulses whereas EPROM is erased using ultraviolet radiation.</p>
<h3>Why use EEPROM over flash?</h3>
<p>The lifespan capacity of an EEPROM is one million erase/rewrite cycles. Depending on the type of Flash memory, Flash devices have a limited lifespan; most flash products can withstand 10,000–1,000,000 erase/write cycles before damage begins to jeopardize the integrity of the storage.</p>
<h3>Do parallel EEPROMs used in industrial and military equipment differ from one another?</h3>
<p>Error Correction Coding (ECC) and error detection and correction are characteristics exclusive to the military version, which are also available in the industrial version. Every byte has four internal parity bits, and the Hamming technique is used to automatically correct the first bit error in every byte.<br />
Since all 12 bits are tested, a mistake won't be visible until the second bit failure within the same byte. Because of the extremely minimal likelihood that this will occur, military products are extremely dependable.</p>
<hr />
Author: Calvin is a professional author who focuses on writing original articles related to IC chips and technology.<br>
<script>
document.getElementById("PostAuthor").innerHTML = "Calvin Evans";
</script><div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-82704225601216000082023-08-21T22:35:00.007+05:302023-08-21T22:37:02.041+05:30Harnessing Solar Power: Unveiling the Magic of Solar Inverters<p>The world's growing energy demands and the urgent need to mitigate climate change have led to a surge in the adoption of <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/search/label/Renewable%20Energy">renewable energy</a> sources, with <strong>solar power</strong> taking center stage. Solar energy, derived from the sun's rays, is abundant and environmentally friendly.
However, capturing and converting this energy into usable electricity requires sophisticated technology, and at the heart of this technology lies the <strong>solar inverter</strong>.</p>
<p>In this article, we will look into the fascinating world of solar inverters, understanding their function and exploring why they play a pivotal role in the success of solar power systems.</p>
<h2>How Solar Inverters Work</h2>
<p>At the core of every solar power system is the solar inverter, a device that transforms the direct current (DC) electricity generated by solar panels into alternating current (AC) electricity, which is the standard form used to power homes and businesses.</p>
<p><a href="https://wizerenergy.ie/" rel="sponsored" target="_blank">Solar panels</a> generate DC electricity as a result of the photovoltaic effect, where sunlight knocks electrons loose from atoms, creating a flow of electric charge. However, most household appliances and the <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2016/01/electrical-power-grid-structure-working.html">electrical grid</a> operate on AC electricity. This is where solar inverters come into play.</p>
<p>Solar inverters work through a series of intricate steps:</p>
<ol>
<li><b>DC to AC Conversion:</b> The primary function of a solar inverter is to convert the DC electricity produced by solar panels into AC electricity. This involves a process known as inversion, where the inverter's electronics change the direction of the electric current at a specific frequency.</li>
<li><b>Voltage Regulation:</b> Solar panels generate electricity based on varying sunlight intensity. The voltage produced can fluctuate. Inverters ensure that the AC output voltage remains stable and matches the required grid voltage.</li>
<li><b>Synchronization with the Grid:</b> In <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2015/12/solar-power-system-how-does-it-work.html">grid-tied solar panel systems</a>, inverters synchronize the generated AC electricity with the electrical grid's frequency and phase. This allows excess power to be fed back into the grid or pulled from the grid when solar generation is low.</li>
<li><b>Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT):</b> Inverters incorporate MPPT technology to ensure that solar panels operate at their maximum efficiency. MPPT adjusts the panel's operating conditions to extract the optimal amount of power, even when sunlight intensity varies.</li>
<li><b>Monitoring and Data Communication:</b> Modern solar inverters are equipped with monitoring systems that provide real-time data on energy production, system health, and performance. These systems enable homeowners and solar professionals to track the system's output and diagnose issues promptly.</li>
</ol>
<h2>The Importance of Solar Inverters</h2>
<h3>Energy Conversion Efficiency</h3>
<p>Solar inverters play a crucial role in ensuring that the DC electricity generated by solar panels is efficiently converted into usable AC electricity. The more efficient the inverter, the more energy can be harvested from the sun's rays.</p>
<h3>Grid Interaction and Net Metering</h3>
<p>Inverters enable solar power systems to interact seamlessly with the electrical grid. Excess energy generated during sunny days can be fed back into the grid, allowing homeowners to earn credits. During periods of low solar generation, power can be drawn from the grid.</p>
<h3>Adaptability and Scalability</h3>
<p>Solar inverters are designed to accommodate various system sizes, from residential installations to large-scale solar farms. Their adaptability and scalability make them versatile components in the renewable energy landscape.</p>
<h3>System Monitoring and Maintenance</h3>
<p>Inverter-integrated monitoring systems provide valuable insights into the performance of the entire solar power system. They facilitate proactive maintenance by alerting users to any deviations or faults, ensuring optimal system uptime.</p>
<h3>Enabling Solar Energy Integration</h3>
<p>Solar inverters bridge the gap between solar panels and the existing electrical infrastructure. Their role in converting DC to AC electricity allows solar energy to seamlessly integrate into homes, businesses, and industries.</p>
<h2>Do I Need a Solar Inverter for My Home?</h2>
<p>The decision to invest in a solar inverter for your home is a pivotal one, as it directly impacts the efficiency and functionality of your solar power system. To determine whether you need a solar inverter, consider the following factors:</p>
<h3>1. Grid Connection</h3>
<p>If your home is connected to the electrical grid and you intend to utilize solar power to offset your energy consumption, a solar inverter is essential. Grid-tied solar systems require inverters to convert the DC electricity from solar panels into AC electricity that can be used to power your home or fed back into the grid.</p>
<h3>2. Energy Independence</h3>
<p>Are you looking to reduce your reliance on traditional energy sources and potentially achieve energy independence? Solar inverters, particularly in hybrid solar systems, can be integrated with energy storage solutions like batteries. These setups allow you to store excess energy generated during the day and use it during the night or during power outages, enhancing your energy self-sufficiency.</p>
<h3>3. System Size</h3>
<p>The size of your solar power system matters. Smaller residential installations typically require a single-string or central inverter, while larger systems may benefit from microinverters or power optimizers. Understanding the capacity and design of your solar array helps determine the appropriate inverter technology.</p>
<h3>4. Monitoring and Maintenance</h3>
<p>If you value real-time monitoring of your solar power system's performance, a solar inverter with integrated monitoring capabilities is a valuable asset. These systems provide insights into energy production, consumption, and any potential issues, allowing you to address maintenance concerns promptly.</p>
<h3>5. Return on Investment</h3>
<p>Consider your financial goals when deciding on a solar inverter. A well-designed system with an efficient inverter can optimize your energy production, leading to quicker returns on your investment by maximizing the energy output from your solar panels.</p>
<h3>6. Off-Grid Considerations</h3>
<p>If you live in a remote area without access to the grid, you might be interested in an off-grid solar system. Off-grid setups require specialized inverters that not only convert DC to AC but also manage battery charging and system stability. In this scenario, a solar inverter becomes even more critical.</p>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
<p>Solar inverters are the unsung heroes of the solar power revolution. Their intricate functions, including DC to AC conversion, voltage regulation, synchronization with the grid, MPPT, and monitoring, enable solar energy to become a viable and efficient alternative to conventional fossil fuels.</p>
<p>As the world continues to prioritize sustainability and renewable energy sources, the role of solar inverters in shaping our energy landscape cannot be overstated. They empower individuals and communities to harness the sun's energy and contribute to a cleaner, greener future.</p>
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</script><div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-20654890853055962542023-08-10T22:59:00.001+05:302023-08-10T23:03:21.691+05:30What Will A 1000 Watt Power Station Run?<p>Find out what a <strong>1000 watt power station</strong> will run to see whether this is the right size for you and things like what you can take on your camping trip.</p>
<p>Keep in mind that the examples below are very general guidelines. Your actual device brands may have different power needs.</p>
<p>A 1000 watt power station with 2000 surge watts should be able to run “stronger” things like a ⅓ HP sump pump, rice cooker, or coffee maker separately.</p>
<p>Another direction you can go is powering multiple smaller devices at the same time.</p>
<p>A 1000 watt power station should be able to run an electric shaver, cell phone charger, portable fan, TV, laptop, and slow cooker at the same time too.</p>
<p>Below you can find a chart with more device examples and how to calculate the power needs when running multiple appliances and tools.</p>
<h2>What can a 1000 watt power station run separately?</h2>
<p>Before showing examples of devices a 1000 watt power station can run, you need to keep a few things in mind.</p>
<p>First of all, since many 1000 watt models come with this capacity, I will assume the power station comes with the option to produce 2000 surge watts.</p>
<p>This will be relevant for appliances and tools that need an extra burst of electricity to get going.</p>
<p>Secondly, keep in mind that these are <a href="https://generatordecision.com/household-appliances-wattage-chart/" target="_blank">rough appliance wattage estimations</a>.</p>
<p>In reality, your specific brands of devices could have different power needs.</p>
<p>Thirdly, you definitely want to check the next section of the article if you plan to run multiple of these electrical machines at the same time.</p>
<br />
<style>
table {
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width: 100%;
margin-top: 20px;
}
th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
padding: 8px;
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<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Device</th>
<th>Running Watts</th>
<th>Total Starting Watts</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Home Phone</td>
<td>5 Watts</td>
<td>5 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Electric Shaver</td>
<td>15 Watts</td>
<td>15 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Internet Router</td>
<td>20 Watts</td>
<td>20 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cell Phone Charger</td>
<td>25 Watts</td>
<td>25 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Stereo</td>
<td>33 Watts</td>
<td>33 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Portable Fan</td>
<td>40 Watts</td>
<td>120 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Incandescent Light Bulbs</td>
<td>60 Watts</td>
<td>60 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ceiling Fan</td>
<td>75 Watts</td>
<td>75 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Curling Iron</td>
<td>100 Watts</td>
<td>100 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Flat Screen TV</td>
<td>120 Watts</td>
<td>120 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Radio</td>
<td>Up to 200 Watts</td>
<td>Up to 200 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dishwasher</td>
<td>220 Watts</td>
<td>540 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Laptop</td>
<td>250 Watts</td>
<td>250 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Slow Cooker</td>
<td>270 Watts</td>
<td>270 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ice Maker</td>
<td>300 Watts</td>
<td>300 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Blender</td>
<td>400 Watts</td>
<td>850 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Coffee Maker</td>
<td>600 Watts</td>
<td>600 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Printer</td>
<td>600 Watts</td>
<td>600 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Electric Drill</td>
<td>600 Watts</td>
<td>900 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Food Dehydrator</td>
<td>600 Watts</td>
<td>600 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Well Pump (⅓ HP)</td>
<td>650 Watts</td>
<td>1050 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Rice Cooker</td>
<td>700 Watts</td>
<td>700 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Well Pump (½ HP)</td>
<td>700 Watts</td>
<td>1200 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Garage Door Opener</td>
<td>720 Watts</td>
<td>1440 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sump Pump (⅓ HP)</td>
<td>800 Watts</td>
<td>1300 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Juicer</td>
<td>800 Watts</td>
<td>800 Watts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Microwave Oven (650 Watts)</td>
<td>1000 Watts</td>
<td>1000 Watts</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>What can a 1000 watt power station run at the same time?</h2>
<p>There is a bit more calculating involved when you want to use your 1000 watt power station to run multiple of the <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2012/12/what-is-electrical-machine.html">electrical machines</a> above.</p>
<p>The steps you will have to take are:</p>
<ol>
<li>Note what devices you want to run at the same time.</li>
<li>Find out the power needs of these devices. You can use the chart above but keep in mind that your devices can vary. To make sure a 1000 watt power station is enough, you would check the actual wattage needs.</li>
<li>If the sum of the running watts is higher than 1000, you will need a stronger power station.</li></ol>
<p>Next, there are two ways to go. One simpler method that is slightly less optimal or a more precise one that requires more calculation.</p>
<ul><li>Simpler: Add the highest additional starting watts to the sum of your running watts. If this is higher than 2000 watts, your 1000 watt power station may not be strong enough.</li>
<li>More precise: Go through starting up the devices on your list in the optimal way (often highest peak watts first). If you go over 2000 watts at any point, you will again need a stronger power station.</li></ul>
<p>After going through these steps, you can figure out that a 1000 watt power station should be able to run something like an internet router, laptop, and coffee maker at the same time.</p>
<p>With the numbers above, you can also start to figure out <a href="https://solarenergyhackers.com/what-size-solar-generator-do-i-need/" target="_blank">what capacity of power station</a> you need to run device combinations for certain amounts of time without an <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2015/12/solar-power-system-how-does-it-work.html">additional power source</a>.</p>
<h2>Frequently asked questions</h2>
<h3>Can a 1000 watt power station run an air conditioner?</h3>
<p>The most common sizes of air conditioners tend to be too power-hungry for 1000 watt power stations.</p>
<p>At the same time, it is theoretically possible that there are tiny air conditioners that are small enough for this size of power station.</p>
<h3>Will a 1000W power station run an electric kettle?</h3>
<p>Electric kettles often use more than 1200 watts so a 1000w power station is often not strong enough to run devices like this.</p>
<h3>Can a 1000 watt power station run a refrigerator?</h3>
<p>Standard-sized refrigerators often need around 2200 watts to get going. In turn, a 1000 watt power station (even one with 2000 surge watts) will often not be strong enough for this.</p>
<p>That being said, a 1000 watt power station can be strong enough to power smaller refrigerators.</p>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-29302459249473905192023-07-12T15:27:00.007+05:302023-08-11T19:27:51.526+05:30When Buying An Electric Generator, What Factors Should You Consider?<p><strong><a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2015/10/diesel-power-generator-and-power-plant.html">Diesel generators</a></strong> are vital backup tools as the <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2016/01/electrical-power-grid-structure-working.html">electrical grid</a> is often unreliable. Additionally, during the rainy season and natural events such as tropical storms or hurricanes, power outages are common throughout the country. <strong>Diesel generators are widely used</strong> in outdoor events, construction, and emergencies.</p>
<p>It is important to consider a number of factors when purchasing a diesel generator, such as weather and geographic conditions, specific electrical power needs, and available budget. </p>
<p>In this context, we will explore the key aspects to take into account when purchasing a diesel generator to ensure that the equipment purchased is suitable for the user's needs and offers optimum performance under local conditions.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRn_DtQyn68sf0YtExHwLXNPyiDumP5MMDdHBA3ebpAzc5YAsSxNI7hMHCFFGTZ95vQiUwPK17NV6yq-7i7hBoUXRuJjTNBVDU2x0H9souXeZAMb3VwF4xJoObYwYMXwySSXz4Nxzbyodlz8zBm57HBuB9M5PYAf1dC-W_T5XLwKTrIVUxAOdTuqjwEsaJ/s537/Diesel%20Generator.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Diesel Generator" border="0" data-original-height="385" data-original-width="537" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRn_DtQyn68sf0YtExHwLXNPyiDumP5MMDdHBA3ebpAzc5YAsSxNI7hMHCFFGTZ95vQiUwPK17NV6yq-7i7hBoUXRuJjTNBVDU2x0H9souXeZAMb3VwF4xJoObYwYMXwySSXz4Nxzbyodlz8zBm57HBuB9M5PYAf1dC-W_T5XLwKTrIVUxAOdTuqjwEsaJ/s16000/Diesel%20Generator.JPG" title="Diesel Generator" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>
<h2>Things to take into account when purchasing a diesel generator</h2>
<h3>Charging power</h3>
<h4>How to calculate the adequate power for your needs?</h4>
<p>Generator power is one of the most important factors to consider when buying a diesel generator. Wattage determines how much electrical power the generator can provide at any given time, and is measured in kilowatts (kW).</p>
<p>It is essential to calculate the required power before purchasing a diesel generator to ensure that the equipment purchased is suitable for your specific needs. To calculate the necessary power, the electrical equipment or appliances that will be used, their energy consumption, the amount of time they will be used and the amount of energy it takes to start each of them must be considered.</p>
<p>A useful tip is not to underestimate the power required. If the generator cannot provide enough power, the equipment may not work properly, which may cause damage to the equipment. In addition, it is advisable not to oversize the necessary power, since this can result in excessive spending on a generator that is larger than necessary.</p><p>[Also Read: <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2015/11/understanding-power-factor.html">Understanding the Power Factor</a>]</p>
<h3>Fuel</h3>
<p>Another key factor to consider when buying a diesel generator is fuel consumption. Fuel consumption can affect both generator efficiency and long-term cost.</p>
<p>It is essential to calculate the fuel consumption of the generator before buying it. Fuel consumption is measured in litres per hour (l/h) and depends on generator power and workload. Generally, the higher the power of the generator, the higher its fuel consumption.</p>
<p>To calculate how much fuel the generator set can use, multiply the fuel consumption by the number of hours the generator is expected to run, and then multiply that number by the cost per litre of diesel.</p>
<p>To maximize generator efficiency and reduce fuel costs, it is important to keep your generator well-maintained and used efficiently. Some helpful tips when buying a generator include making sure the generator is clean and properly lubricated, using professional electric generators that have a solid-state voltage regulator to avoid excessive power consumption, and not overloading the generator with more load than expected. that you can handle.
</p>
<h3>Portability</h3>
<p>Portability is a key factor to consider when buying a diesel generator in, as it can be essential depending on the specific needs of each user. For example, if a generator is needed for outdoor use, it is important that it be easy to transport.</p>
<p>Diesel generators come in a variety of styles based on how portable they are. Some are stationary and designed to stay in one place, while others are portable and can be easily moved from one place to another.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2015/02/safety-tips-while-using-portable.html">Portable generators</a> often come equipped with wheels and handle for easy transport, while stationary generators are often larger and require a more fixed location, although road transport carts are available for this larger piece of equipment.</p>
<p>According to Altron Engineering it is essential to choose the right generator according to the transportation needs. Some helpful tips include determining how much weight it can handle, measuring the space available for the generator, and choosing one that has a cart, wheels, or handles for easy movement.</p>
<p>It is also important when purchasing a generator to consider how far it will take to transport the generator and whether any type of specialized vehicle is required to transport it.</p>
<h3>Boot method</h3>
<p>When purchasing a diesel generator, it is important to consider the starting method you use, as this can be a key factor in its functionality and ease of use. The most common starting systems are mechanical, electrical and pneumatic, and your choice will depend on the specific needs of each application.</p>
<p>For example, if a high level of power and frequent starts are required in industrial applications, an air start may be an option, however, an electric start may be more suitable for applications where ease of use and accessibility are a priority.</p>
<p>In either case, it is important to carefully assess the user's needs and select the boot system that best meets those needs. By doing so, optimal functionality and efficiency of the diesel generator can be ensured, which in turn can reduce operating costs in the long run and improve equipment reliability.</p>
<h3>Environmental conditions</h3>
<p>When purchasing a diesel generator, it is crucial to consider the environmental conditions in which the equipment will be used to ensure optimum performance and extend the life of the generator set. When requesting an offer, it is necessary to provide information about the following characteristics:</p>
<ul>
<li><b>Ambient temperature (minimum and maximum):</b> The temperature range in which the diesel generator is used is a key factor that can affect its performance. Manufacturers often specify the minimum and maximum ambient temperatures in which the generator can operate effectively. For example, some diesel generators can operate in the range of -20°C to 40°C, while others can operate in more extreme temperatures.</li>
<li><b>Altitude:</b> The altitude at which the diesel generator will be used is also an important factor to consider, as air density decreases as altitude increases, which can affect the ability of the generator to produce power. Manufacturers also provide information on the maximum altitude at which the generator can effectively operate.</li>
<li><b>Humidity:</b> The relative humidity of the environment in which the diesel generator will be used is also important. Moisture can affect generator efficiency and accelerate rust and corrosion of equipment components. Manufacturers often provide information on the maximum relative humidity in which the generator can operate effectively.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
In conclusion, purchasing a diesel generator requires careful consideration of several key factors such as power, fuel consumption, portability, starting method, and environmental conditions. Each of these factors can influence the performance, efficiency, and cost of the generator. It is crucial to identify specific needs and take into account each of these factors to make the best purchase decision.
<script>
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</script><div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-69869616187984224172022-12-30T11:23:00.006+05:302023-01-02T21:34:12.253+05:30What is the difference between an AC generator and an Alternator?<p><strong>AC generators</strong> can be broadly referred to any type of <strong>electricity generator</strong> that generates electrical energy in Alternating Current (AC) form. So, in a way, yes, an <strong>Alternator</strong> is a type of AC generator. Just so, an <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/12/induction-generator-working.html">Induction generator</a> is a type of AC generator too.</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoKhOJAxONw4zfol1Nqc7cLK1DmbPSDOxKooO5HuPhnDhHNz6rLfPZjnH3am2tR4Wpep4oMdlers84acEUQcyPbJ_lZUoJW0C1LjptS7DtaxMOYvJVN78VYVMcoE4siO93ySvAoCLeG5LpAICS2SM7uB89LtCYnNy1SZRBl9elybxoXxpgPbys5-I0oQ/s728/Types%20of%20AC%20%20generators.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="types of AC generators" border="0" data-original-height="437" data-original-width="728" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoKhOJAxONw4zfol1Nqc7cLK1DmbPSDOxKooO5HuPhnDhHNz6rLfPZjnH3am2tR4Wpep4oMdlers84acEUQcyPbJ_lZUoJW0C1LjptS7DtaxMOYvJVN78VYVMcoE4siO93ySvAoCLeG5LpAICS2SM7uB89LtCYnNy1SZRBl9elybxoXxpgPbys5-I0oQ/w400-h240/Types%20of%20AC%20%20generators.png" title="types of AC generators" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>A more appropriate term for an alternator is - <strong><a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/02/AC-generator-alternator-construction-working.html">AC synchronous generators</a></strong>.</p>
<p>More specifically, in an alternator, the excitation winding (which produces <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/02/production-of-rotating-magnetic-field.html">magnetic field</a>) is mounted on the Rotor shaft and the <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2012/12/armature-winding-of-dc-machine.html">armature winding</a> (which generates electrical current) is mounted on the Stator (stationary part of machine which surrounds the rotor). While in most of the other types of electrical generators, including DC generators, the excitation winding is stationary and the armature winding is mounted on the rotor shaft.</p>
<p>So basically, you may distinguish it like - the magnetic field is stationary in generators, whereas it is rotating in alternators. Or the other way - the armature winding is rotating in generators, whereas it is stationary in case of alternators.</p>
<h3>So why the armature winding is stationary in an alternator?</h3>
<ul><li>At high voltages, it is easier to insulate the stationary armature winding, which may be as high as 11 kV or even more in some cases.</li>
<li>The generated high voltage output can be directly taken out from the stationary armature. Whereas for a rotary armature, there will be large brush contact drop at higher voltages, also the sparking at the brush surface will be a problem to look after</li>
<li>If the field exciter winding is placed in the rotor, low voltage DC can be transferred safely to the exciter winding via slip-rings.</li>
<li>The armature winding can be braced well, to prevent deformation caused by high centrifugal force if it was in the rotor.</li></ul>
<p><b>Take it like this, all alternators are AC generators but NOT all AC generators can be alternators.</b></p>
<p>In general terms you can read more about <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2021/04/difference-between-generators-and-alternators.html">Difference between Generators and Alternators</a> here.</p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-34824897039203465302022-09-04T18:23:00.015+05:302022-09-04T19:15:19.637+05:30Basic construction and working of a DC Generator.<h2>
DC Generator</h2>
<p>A dc generator is an <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/p/electrical-machines.html">electrical machine</a> which converts mechanical energy into <strong>direct current electricity</strong>. This energy conversion is based on the principle of production of dynamically induced emf. This article outlines <strong>basic construction and working of a DC generator</strong>.</p>
<h3>
Construction of a DC machine:</h3>
<p><span style="color: red; font-family: "courier new", "courier", monospace; font-size: large;">Note:</span>Theoretically, a DC generator can be used as a DC motor without any constructional changes and vice versa is also possible. Therefore, a DC generator or a <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/01/basic-working-of-dc-motor.html">DC motor</a> can be broadly termed as a <strong>DC machine</strong>. These basic constructional details are also valid for both <strong>DC Generator and DC motor</strong>. Hence, let's call this point as <strong>construction of a DC machine</strong> instead of just 'construction of a dc generator'.</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UXMuF_e7Egw/VlFfQL-aUcI/AAAAAAAABos/b1zthJSlsRU/s1600/construction%2Bof%2Ba%2Bdc%2Bmachine%2B%2528generator%2Bor%2Bmotor%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Construction of a DC machine (DC Generator and DC Motor)" border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UXMuF_e7Egw/VlFfQL-aUcI/AAAAAAAABos/b1zthJSlsRU/s1600/construction%2Bof%2Ba%2Bdc%2Bmachine%2B%2528generator%2Bor%2Bmotor%2529.jpg" title="Construction of a DC machine (DC Generator and DC Motor)" /></a></div>
<p>The above figure shows constructional details of a simple <strong>4-pole DC machine</strong>. A DC machine consists of two basic parts; stator and rotor. Basic constructional parts of a DC machine are described below.</p>
<ol>
<li><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Yoke:</span></b> The outer frame of a dc machine is called as yoke. It is made up of cast iron or steel. It not only provides mechanical strength to the whole assembly but also carries the magnetic flux produced by the field winding.</li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Poles and pole shoes:</b></span> Poles are joined to the yoke with the help of bolts or welding. They carry field winding and pole shoes are fastened to them. Pole shoes serve two purposes; (i) they support field coils and (ii) spread out the flux in air gap uniformly.</li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Field winding:</b></span> They are usually made of copper. Field coils are former wound and placed on each pole and are connected in series. They are wound in such a way that, when energized, they form alternate North and South poles.</li>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lLSSvpP-1aE/UM8uxA0e5pI/AAAAAAAAAI0/6C1VMNdVKsg/s1600/commutator.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="armature core of a DC generator" border="0" height="249" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lLSSvpP-1aE/UM8uxA0e5pI/AAAAAAAAAI0/6C1VMNdVKsg/s320/commutator.jpg" title="Armature core" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Armature core (rotor)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Armature core:</b></span> Armature core is the rotor of a dc machine. It is cylindrical in shape with slots to carry armature winding. The armature is built up of thin laminated circular steel disks for reducing eddy current losses. It may be provided with air ducts for the axial air flow for cooling purposes. Armature is keyed (fixed) to the shaft.</li>
<li><b><a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2012/12/armature-winding-of-dc-machine.html">Armature winding</a>:</b> It is usually a former wound copper coil which rests in armature slots. The armature conductors are insulated from each other and also from the armature core. Armature winding can be wound by one of the two methods; lap winding or wave winding. Double layer lap or wave windings are generally used. A double layer winding means that each armature slot will carry two different coils.</li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Commutator and brushes:</b></span> Physical connection to the armature winding is made through a commutator-brush arrangement. The function of a commutator, in a dc generator, is to collect the current generated in armature conductors. Whereas, in case of a dc motor, commutator helps in providing current to the armature conductors. A commutator consists of a set of copper segments which are insulated from each other. The number of segments is equal to the number of armature coils. Each segment is connected to an armature coil and the commutator is keyed (or fixed) to the shaft. Brushes are usually made from carbon or graphite. They rest on commutator segments and slide on the segments when the commutator rotates keeping the physical contact to collect or supply the current.</li>
</ol>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-D04ZfmSrIx8/UM83BG0TpvI/AAAAAAAAAJE/nuEkBj8Mgik/s1600/commutator.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="commutator of a DC machine" border="0" height="247" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-D04ZfmSrIx8/UM83BG0TpvI/AAAAAAAAAJE/nuEkBj8Mgik/s320/commutator.jpg" title="Commutator" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Commutator</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<h3>
Working principle of a DC generator:</h3>
<p>According to <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/02/faradays-law-and-lenzs-law-of.html">Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction</a>, whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field (OR a conductor is moved in a magnetic field), an emf (electromotive force) gets induced in the conductor. The magnitude of induced emf can be calculated from the <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2012/12/emf-and-torque-equation-of-dc-machine.html">emf equation of dc generator</a>. If the conductor is provided with a closed path, the induced current will circulate within the path. In a DC generator, field coils produce an electromagnetic field and the armature conductors are rotated into the field. Thus, an electromagnetically induced emf is generated in the armature conductors. The direction of induced current is given by <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/03/flemings-left-and-right-hand-rule.html">Fleming’s right hand rule</a>.</p>
<br />
<b>Need of a Split ring commutator:</b>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8MdQEIrEml8/VFOStnKhh2I/AAAAAAAAA_Q/nNkVl761EU8/s1600/working%2Bof%2Bdc%2Bgenerator.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="working of DC generator" border="0" height="265" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8MdQEIrEml8/VFOStnKhh2I/AAAAAAAAA_Q/nNkVl761EU8/s1600/working%2Bof%2Bdc%2Bgenerator.png" title="working of DC generator" width="400" /></a></div>
<p>According to Fleming’s right hand rule, the direction of induced current changes whenever the direction of motion of the conductor changes. Let’s consider an armature rotating clockwise and a conductor at the left is moving upward. When the armature completes a half rotation, the direction of motion of that particular conductor will be reversed to downward. Hence, the direction of current in every armature conductor will be alternating. If you look at the above figure, you will know how the direction of the induced current is alternating in an armature conductor. But with a split ring commutator, connections of the armature conductors also gets reversed when the current reversal occurs. And therefore, we get unidirectional current at the terminals.</p>
<h3>
Types of a DC generator:</h3>
DC generators can be classified in two main categories, viz; (i) Separately excited and (ii) Self-excited.<br />
(i) <b>Separately excited</b>: In this type, field coils are energized from an independent external DC source.<br />
(ii) <b>Self-excited</b>: In this type, field coils are energized from the current produced by the generator itself. Initial emf generation is due to residual magnetism in field poles. The generated emf causes a part of current to flow in the field coils, thus strengthening the field flux and thereby increasing emf generation. Self excited dc generators can further be divided into three types -<br />
(a) Series wound - field winding in series with armature winding<br />
(b) Shunt wound - field winding in parallel with armature winding<br />
(c) Compound wound - combination of series and shunt winding<br />
<br />
You can learn more about <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2012/12/classifications-of-dc-machines.html">types of a DC generator/machine here</a>.<br />
<br />
<div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-89223892448446534472021-05-01T20:11:00.000+05:302021-05-01T20:11:02.313+05:30Why inverter generators are quiet compared to normal generators
<p>From many of the generator types in the market, most household owners prefer to use either conventional generators or portable inverter generators. There are many benefits of choosing <b>inverter generators</b> over others, but in between them, the major difference is the noise.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2019/10/inverter-generator.html">Inverter generators</a> are quieter than conventional generators, but why? even though they have the same fossil fuel engine to generate the power. The answer to that question is the difference in their design parameters as well as in their working mechanisms.</p>
<p>Keep reading to know the reasons for the <strong>noise from the generators</strong> in the first place and how the design and the working of inverter generators are advantageous to reduce the noise level of the generator.</p>
<h2>Why do generators produce noise in the first place?</h2>
<p>The answer to that question is because it involves the rotating and moving mechanical parts, which are the main reason for the noise.</p>
<p>The main part of any <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/02/AC-generator-alternator-construction-working.html">generator</a> is the engine. The engine runs by burning the fuel, which transfers the power to the pistons inside the engines, which will be responsible for a rotational motion inside the alternator, and the electricity is generated.</p>
<p>The burning of fuel inside the engine are small explosions that make the most of the noise. Companies take some measures to reduce it to some extent, but they can’t totally diminish it, and the matter gets worse when the generator is an open frame generator.</p>
<p>Moreover, a generator will need to maintain a constant speed of 3600 RPM to keep the supply frequency to 60 Hz. And for that, the engine constantly runs and burns the same amount of fuel to maintain that speed to maintain the frequency.</p>
<p>Besides the internal combustion engine, the friction between the moving parts also produces a significant amount of noise.</p>
<h2>Why are Inverter generators so quiet?</h2>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sntIRkf_Tz0/YI1lfIFtzEI/AAAAAAAAErc/sG_UuhO98WYv8qlEqwtY_B9K_vuyoLQvQCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/Inverter%2BGenerator.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="inverter generator" border="0" data-original-height="373" data-original-width="615" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sntIRkf_Tz0/YI1lfIFtzEI/AAAAAAAAErc/sG_UuhO98WYv8qlEqwtY_B9K_vuyoLQvQCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Inverter%2BGenerator.jpg" title="inverter generator" /></a></div>
<p>There are many differences between the conventional generator and the inverter generator in terms of their design and working. It makes the inverter generator quieter.</p>
<p>The first thing is the engine; the engine used in the inverter generators is smaller and a bit quieter than those used in conventional generators. Besides, they don’t need to run continuously to maintain the frequency of the output voltage.</p>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PAMcqAn19Y0/Xa3tRGL_R_I/AAAAAAAADgc/O0-rJrfMdvcakMMZBheP5BZHH7bxciCyQCPcBGAYYCw/s450/Working%2Bof%2Binverter%2Bgenerator.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="how inverter generator works" border="0" data-original-height="175" data-original-width="450" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PAMcqAn19Y0/Xa3tRGL_R_I/AAAAAAAADgc/O0-rJrfMdvcakMMZBheP5BZHH7bxciCyQCPcBGAYYCw/s16000/Working%2Bof%2Binverter%2Bgenerator.gif" title="how inverter generator works" /></a></div>
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<p>The working of the inverter generator ensures the constant frequency. The engine runs the alternator to generate the <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2018/02/types-of-ac-power-distribution-systems.html">AC electricity</a>, which is converted to DC and then again AC. The whole process is controlled with the help of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor" target="_blank">microprocessor</a>.</p>
<p>When the load is less, the microcontroller will reduce the speed of the engine, and so the noise is also reduced, while the frequency remains the same.</p>
<p>The reduced noise is one of the biggest points of inverter generators. All the inverter generators are equipped with advanced noise-reducing technologies and very good mufflers.</p>
<p>Other than that, the casing made out for the generator is from the noise absorbing and quality material.</p>
<h2>Can conventional generators be as quiet as inverter generators?</h2>
<p>No, you can’t make the conventional generators as quiet as the inverter generators. There are major differences in their working mechanisms, as we discussed.</p>
<p>Still, you can reduce the noise of the conventional generator to quite an extent with the use of some external means, but it will be more than the inverter generators.</p>
<p>Even if you enclose the whole generator in the casing, then you will need the air vents and the exhaust vents. And simply stating, exhaust pipes are the second most noisy part of the generator.</p>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.generator-review.com/inverter-generator/" target="_blank">Inverter generators</a> are the best option in the market in terms of noise level and portability. They run very smoothly and offer fuel economy. The engines designed for the inverter generators are inherently quieter than for the conventional generators. Moreover, they are equipped with other accessories to reduce the noise even more.</p>
<p>They are best for home use and for camping use as well. Their initial prices are high, but you get the power with the silence so you can enjoy nature.</p>
<div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-67826641439592847252021-04-19T22:35:00.002+05:302023-01-02T21:32:38.116+05:30Difference between Generators and Alternators<p>The terms <strong>alternator and generator</strong> will sound the same to you if you are not a technical person. But, let me tell you, they are not. They are different machines despite the fact that both of them have the same function, to generate useful electricity.</p>
<p>If you want to know what alternators and generators are, how they work, and their differences then we have all of that in this article.</p>
<p>Before we begin, just understand that electricity and magnetism are both related. You can produce one with the help of the other one.</p>
<p>You can produce electricity either by rotating the conductor inside the static magnetic field or by rotating the magnetic field around the static conductor.</p>
<p>Both alternator and generator use these principles to generate electricity.</p>
<h2>How an Alternator Works?</h2>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--AnYGmPxIsI/Uw3hOvnoB-I/AAAAAAAAAj8/SNdY8du0A3I3toA_-HInuoO85Zy0gEZzgCPcBGAYYCw/s800/alternator%2B%2528AC%2Bgenerator%2529%2Bsalient%2Bpole%2Btype.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="alternator or synchronous generator" border="0" data-original-height="701" data-original-width="800" height="351" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--AnYGmPxIsI/Uw3hOvnoB-I/AAAAAAAAAj8/SNdY8du0A3I3toA_-HInuoO85Zy0gEZzgCPcBGAYYCw/w400-h351/alternator%2B%2528AC%2Bgenerator%2529%2Bsalient%2Bpole%2Btype.png" title="alternator or synchronous generator" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<br />
<p>The <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/02/AC-generator-alternator-construction-working.html"><b>alternator</b> is also known as a <b>synchronous generator</b></a>. Whether it is a generator or an alternator, the fundamental principle to generate electricity remains the same. They both work on the principle of <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/02/faradays-law-and-lenzs-law-of.html">faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction</a>.</p>
<p>The law states that a relative motion between the magnetic field and the conductor will generate the electricity in the conductor.</p>
<p>The same goes for the alternator as well, but unlike generators, it will only give out the AC electricity. The construction of an alternator is simple; the rotor contains the exciting winding, whereas the stator will have the <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2012/12/armature-winding-of-dc-machine.html">armature winding</a>.</p>
<p>The rotor is the one that rotates, and the exciting winding generates the magnetic field. So, a magnetic field in the alternator rotates while the armature winding stays stationary. An armature winding is a term used to denote the winding in which the electricity is induced.</p>
<p>The <b>reason for the armature winding to be stationary</b> is few. First, the voltage induced in alternators will be higher, so the insulation will be much easier compared to the rotating winding. </p>
<p>Also, If the armature winding will be on the rotor, then there will be a high voltage drop at the brushes, and also, there will be a problem of sparking.</p>
<p>The excitation winding is powered by the DC, and it will be easier to connect the current through the brushes if the winding is on the rotor.</p>
<p>The alternator is a device that generates AC electricity from mechanical energy, and they only provide this energy when it is needed so the operation will be efficient.</p>
<h2>How a Generator Works?</h2>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VTBRJziaCd4/Vg1D-V1dxcI/AAAAAAAABeU/EDz5q76dDpsEgjeCnbwOr4Lu85i6lbdFQCPcBGAYYCw/s800/dc%2Bmachine.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="generator construction" border="0" data-original-height="539" data-original-width="800" height="270" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VTBRJziaCd4/Vg1D-V1dxcI/AAAAAAAABeU/EDz5q76dDpsEgjeCnbwOr4Lu85i6lbdFQCPcBGAYYCw/w400-h270/dc%2Bmachine.jpg" title="generator construction" width="400" /></a></div>
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<p>The generator also works on the same principle of Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. The alternator only supplies the AC electricity, but the <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2012/12/basic-construction-and-working-of-dc.html">generator provides the DC or AC electricity</a>.</p>
<p>For a generator, the placement of the armature and the excitation winding is opposite to the alternator. The armature winding is situated on the rotor, and the excitation winding is on the stator.</p>
<p>The electricity gets induced in the armature winding on the rotor. On the stator, for magnetic flux, it will either be the permanent magnets or windings are used. The armature winding will be rectangular, and both of its ends will terminate to the brushes.</p>
<p>The rotor inside the generator will rotate with the help of some external mechanical force, and the electricity will get induced in the windings. It will be taken out from the brushes.</p>
<p>The generators produce electricity continuously. It can also be used to recharge the completely drained batteries when they are completely drained, without any problems. Their ability to generate constant power makes them a strong choice as home backup solutions or to power the power tools at the job site.</p>
<h2>DC and AC electricity: What is it?</h2>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7aIjbi0eAyU/YH2t-HyFJfI/AAAAAAAAEq0/ikelW7_M9AMIyWMSSpLrYBiDyT-wX82zwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1200/ac-dc-electricity.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="ac and dc electricity" border="0" data-original-height="650" data-original-width="1200" height="216" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7aIjbi0eAyU/YH2t-HyFJfI/AAAAAAAAEq0/ikelW7_M9AMIyWMSSpLrYBiDyT-wX82zwCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h216/ac-dc-electricity.png" title="ac and dc electricity" width="400" /></a></div>
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<p>We know that the generator can supply the AC or DC electricity, whereas the alternator can only supply the AC electricity. In this section, let’s discuss what AC and DC electricity are.</p>
<h3>AC electricity</h3>
<p>You may be knowing that the flow of electrons inside the conductor is referred to as the electric current.</p>
<p>For AC electricity, the flow of electrons will be back and forth, and this means the current is alternating in nature. This is the type of current most of the appliances in the house works on. But the voltage and the frequency of the electricity should be as per the standards.</p>
<p>This periodic change in the current direction is demonstrated in the form of the sine waveform, which is also known as the AC waveform.</p>
<p>The reason for this kind of power generator is because of the magnetic poles inside the generator and alternator. When one side of winding passes from under one of the poles, the electric current will be in one direction.</p>
<p>When the same side comes under another pole, the direction of the current reverses, this keeps going on as the winding keeps rotating and the AC is generated.</p>
<h3>DC electricity</h3>
<p>The DC means the Direct Current. The DC is the one in which the flow of electrons will be only in one direction. And the magnitude of the current stays the same; it doesn’t change with time.</p>
<p>As there is no oscillation, we can say that the frequency of the DC is zero. The use of DC is mainly to power electronics due to its constant flow of electrons.</p>
<p>The generated current inside the alternator or the generator will always be AC, and you can’t generate DC from them. This AC for the generator is converted to DC with the use of either the brushes or the rectifier.</p>
<p>The process of conversion of AC to DC is known as rectification.</p>
<h1>Key Differences between the generator and an alternator</h1>
<p>Please note that the alternators used in cars are different from the alternators (also known as a synchronous generator), which are used in a <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2015/07/power-plants.html">power station</a> to produce electricity in bulk.
The alternators used in the vehicles are to charge the batteries. Another thing you should note is to never charge the fully drained batteries with the alternator, and it is hazardous.</p><p>Both the generator and alternator have their own advantages and disadvantages.</p>
<p>The alternator has the stationary armature winding because -</p>
<ul>
<li>Stationary winding can easily be insulated for high voltages and doesn't deal with any centrifugal forces</li>
<li>Hence Armature winding can be constructed more rigidly to avoid any mechanical stress</li>
<li>Elimination of brushes to collect the output current from the rotor.</li>
<li>The 3-phase output of armature winding can directly load without slip rings and brushes.</li>
<li>Since the DC current to supply field winding is lower, only two slip rings are required, which are of very light construction.</li>
</ul>
Note that any alternators rated above 5 kVA employ the stationary armature and revolving field winding (<a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/02/production-of-rotating-magnetic-field.html">rotating magnetic field</a>).
<p>Alternators are capable of generating electricity at the specified frequency.</p>
<p>When prime mover speed is lower, the <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/03/salient-pole-rotor-vs-non-salient-pole.html">salient rotor</a> is used in an alternator. So as the number of poles increases, the RPM will decrease.This same concept is used in water turbines where the prime mover speed is very low. But all commercial generators or <a href="https://www.generator-review.com/portable-generator/" target="_blank">portable generators</a> use a cylindrical design with a two-pole arrangement to cope with high rotation speeds.</p>
<h4>Output Current</h4>
Alternators can only supply the AC electricity while the generators can provide the AC as well as DC currents.
<h4>Construction</h4>
Another major difference between them is the constructional one. For an alternator, the magnetic field rotates with the rotor as the field winding will be placed on the rotor. While for the generator the field stays stationary and the armature rotates on the rotor, the field winding will be situated on the stator.
<h4>Size</h4>
The alternators used in power stations are usually large and they accommodate large areas. On the other hand, the portable generators rated below 10Kw are not that large and won’t require that much space.
<h4>The power output</h4>
In alternators you can change the voltage output by adjusting field current which is achieved through an automatic voltage regulator. The latest <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2019/10/inverter-generator.html">inverter generator</a> can regulate their speed to produce less power without sacrificing the desired frequency.
<h4>Polarisation</h4>
For an alternator, there is no need for a polarization. But, the generator will need to be polarized after it is installed.
<h4>Use of them</h4>
Alternators and generators, due to their differences, used for different purposes. Alternators are used in power stations and the generators are used where electricity needs are small.
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
<p>That’s it. Most of the important things related to alternator and generator we have covered in this article. They look the same and have the same function to generate electricity. But they differ from each other in many things.</p>
<p>Their construction is different, one of them can supply the DC power and one of them can’t. These differences led them to be useful and suitable for different applications. You can’t use one instead of another.</p>
<p>You can read about <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2022/12/ac-generator-and-alternator.html">difference between an Alternator and AC generator</a> specifically here.</p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-64732793990294303162021-02-10T21:13:00.010+05:302021-02-10T21:19:03.755+05:307 Motor Parts and Their Common Faults<p>Understanding <b>common motor problems</b> is an important aspect when it comes to understanding engineered products or machinery. This comes in handy in many unfavorable situations, so one can define the appropriate solution and protective measure for such faults and mishaps. This also makes it important to understand various important terms related to assessing the parts and the <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2012/12/basic-construction-and-working-of-dc.html">working structure of your motors</a> even during <a href="https://laxmiassociates.in/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">onsite testing of motors</a>.</p>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-974yXXeXDGg/YCP-aO3SkCI/AAAAAAAAEI0/sZNIYXlEBYocQ6mb18F4_3zMwVUKOTN2gCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/Cut-away_version_of_an_electric_motor.jpeg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="cut away view of an electric motor" border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-974yXXeXDGg/YCP-aO3SkCI/AAAAAAAAEI0/sZNIYXlEBYocQ6mb18F4_3zMwVUKOTN2gCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Cut-away_version_of_an_electric_motor.jpeg" title="cut away view of an electric motor" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cut Away View of an Electric Motor (Credit: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cut-away_version_of_an_electric_motor_(2).JPG">Wikimedia commons</a>)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table>
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Here we have noted down
<h3>Some common motor problems caused by certain parts</h3>
<h4>Shaft</h4>
<p>This mechanical component in your motor is basically used to transmit <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2012/12/emf-and-torque-equation-of-dc-machine.html">torque</a> and rotation. <b>Shaft misalignment</b> is the most common problem when it comes to this particular part. This will destroy your bearings before their complete working life. Analyze your <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/01/basic-working-of-dc-motor.html">motors</a> through a vibration measurement procedure and check the force and the load that your motor is put through when they are running to avoid wear and tear. </p>
<h4>Rotor</h4>
<p>Rotor elements can likewise help decide the reason for untimely gear disappointment. A fan's exhibition can be influenced by typical wear. On the off chance that appropriate protection support isn't executed, rotors may turn out to be slim and ultimately break.</p>
<h4>Stator</h4>
<p>On the off chance that you sense that your motor comes up short on the force it once had, or it's increasingly hard to begin, test your source coils. It is doubtlessly going to bite the dust. While you test it, you may need to likewise test your pick-up coil, as it could be failing as well. The actual stator may be dead and isn't sending any current to the battery. Never forget to replace your stators connectors. A bad connection generates heat, and heat fries the connector, making a short circuit that may burn your stator and other electrical parts.</p>
<h4>Bearing Issues</h4>
<p>In the <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/02/three-phase-induction-motor.html">three-phase machine</a>, two sets of bearings are installed within the engine lodging, for supporting the machine shaft. They comprise an external and inward ring which is called races and a bunch of moving components which are called bearings. The bearing balls, both external and internal ring are damaged because of which the motor completely jams or gets struck. Bearing issues can also be checked by vibration measurement.</p>
<h4>Insulation Brakdown</h4>
<p>The most regular disappointment in electrical hardware is the degradation and breakdown (flashover) of the insulation. Natural protection material comprises enamels, resins, varnishes, or polymers that are applied to the steel surface to give high inter-laminar (between windings) resistance as found on most air-cooled apparatus and some oil-submerged <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/03/electrical-transformer-basic.html">transformers</a>.</p>
<h4>Hipot test</h4>
<p>Another form of <a href="https://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/basics-motor-testing/" target="_blank">Electric Motor Testing</a> is A hipot (high potential) test, additionally called a dielectric strength test, which checks for shortcomings in the link or wire protection. To play out this test, you apply flow between the electrical circuits and the edge. Note that particular overvoltage levels applied are subject to the motor and its predetermined voltage.</p>
<p>During this type of electric motor testing, you measure the overflow of current and figure the comparing mega-ohms even during onsite testing of motors. Zones with lower or higher than recommended mega-ohm readings have damaged protection.</p>
<h4>Motor winding resistance</h4>
<p>The objective of an <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2012/12/armature-winding-of-dc-machine.html">machine winding</a> test is a disconnected test used to find winding issues. You ought to play out this test at whatever point you see breaks or burns, or if you've noticed a burning smell coming from the machine. You will begin by clearing off the windings with shop air and investigating them. Then, set the multi-meter to midrange and design it to gauge resistance in ohms, at that point contact the leads together to confirm that the reading is 0 ohms.</p>
<div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-92084042401238472542021-02-09T23:18:00.003+05:302021-02-09T23:18:40.550+05:30Power System Stability <p><b>Power System Stability</b> is the ability of a <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2016/01/electrical-power-grid-structure-working.html">power system network</a> to regain its equilibrium state even after being subjected to a disturbance. The main objective one must understand in <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2016/03/basics-of-electrical-power-transmission.html">power transmission</a> is that the maximum amount of real power is aimed to be transferred to the load. Achieving this is practically not possible due to frequent load variation (either increase or decrease), but with various methods and analysis operating the system in the most stable region can be implemented and that is where this area of study comes into the picture.</p>
<p>Understanding the <b>type of instability</b> introduced into the system, the network is brought back to its equilibrium operating condition to achieve maximum power transfer. Let us first understand the main parameters that need to be taken into account to ensure a <strong>stable network</strong>.</p>
<p>We know the equation to determine the real power transferred in a transmission line:</p>
<style>
.math {
display: inline-block;
float:left;
text-align: center;
}
</style>
<div style="float: left; padding: 5px;">
<div class="math" style="height: 3.5em;">
<span style="line-height: 3.8em;">Pe = </span>
</div>
<div class="math">
<div> EV sin𝛿</div>
<hr />
<div>X</div>
</div>
</div><p>
<br style="clear: both;" />
Where,<br />
Pe = Magnitude of real power transferred<br />
E = Excitation voltage<br />
V = Terminal Voltage<br />
𝛿 = Load angle/ Power angle (the angle between the Excitation voltage phasor and the terminal voltage phasor)<br />
X = The total reactance<br />
<br />
Therefore the relation can be plotted as follows:<br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5XQymBxawf8/YCK2y68vWMI/AAAAAAAAEIU/2fA0f4M8JKEQnpZsa4yKUxRmIVQjma3BwCLcBGAsYHQ/s0/Power%2BAngle%2BCurve.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="Power Angle Curve" border="0" data-original-height="242" data-original-width="391" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5XQymBxawf8/YCK2y68vWMI/AAAAAAAAEIU/2fA0f4M8JKEQnpZsa4yKUxRmIVQjma3BwCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Power%2BAngle%2BCurve.png" title="Power Angle Curve" /></a></div>
<br />
This is defined as the <strong>power angle curve</strong>.<br />
<p>If we notice, as the load angle increases the power transferred also increases and reaches the maximum at 90°. But, when it further increases the power transferred decreases significantly.</p>
<p>Thus, the load angle should be maintained in such a way that the power should not be decreased.</p>
A change in load results in a number of issues:<br />
<ol>
<li>Change in frequency</li>
<li>Change in load angle</li>
<li>Change in rotational characteristics (especially speed of the machine)</li>
</ol>
<p>Thus, a <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2016/01/variable-loads-on-power-system.html">variation in load</a> makes the system lose its synchronism and that is brought back with the help of <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2020/07/load-frequency-control-process.html">Load Frequency Control</a>.</p>
<p>The <strong>system stability</strong> can be classified depending on the type of disturbances it incurs in the system. They may be classified into:</p>
<ol>
<li>Steady State Stability</li>
<li>Transient Stability</li>
<li>Dynamic Stability</li>
</ol>
<h2>Steady State Stability</h2>
<p>The ability of the machine (<a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/search/label/Synchronous%20machines">synchronous machine</a>) to deliver maximum real power to the loads by maintaining equilibrium even when it experiences a small and gradual variation of load. Small load variations may occur when the frequency of oscillations made by the rotor is less than the natural frequency of the system (basically the change in rotational characteristics of the synchronous machines may fall under this category).</p>
<h2>Transient Stability</h2>
<p>Transient Stability is the ability of the machine to deliver maximum real power to loads when it experiences a sudden and large variation of load. This type of variation of the load is due to the occurrence of three-phase fault that lasts for a few cycles. The types of three-phase faults may be:</p>
CASE 1: WHEN IT OCCURS NEAR TO THE BUSBAR<br />
CASE 2: WHEN IT OCCURS MIDWAY BETWEEN THE SENDING AND RECEIVING END<br />
CASE 3: WHEN IT OCCURS ON THE BUSBAR<br />
<h2>Dynamic Stability</h2>
<p>The ability of the system to remain stable against smaller disturbances that do not last more than a few seconds. These smaller disturbances may occur due to random small variations in load or power generation levels. If these disturbances are cleared in few seconds, the system is said to be dyanamically stable.</p>
<h3>Assumptions</h3>
<p>There are a few assumptions taken and need to be kept in mind while analyzing the <strong>stability of a power system network</strong>.</p>
<ol>
<li>Effect of the shunt capacitance is neglected</li>
<li>The resistance is neglected </li>
<li>Mechanical input to the alternator is assumed to be constant (angular velocity is constant, running at synchronous speed)</li>
<li>Effect of damper winding is neglected</li>
</ol>
<br />
<hr />
<b>Author: Vaishnav Chathayil</b> is pursuing his B.Tech. in Electrical and Electronics engineering at National Institute of Technology, Calicut. <div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-6178341161731685242020-09-07T21:54:00.001+05:302020-09-07T21:54:36.684+05:30Power System Security<b>Author: Vaishnav Chathayil</b> is pursuing his B.Tech. in Electrical and Electronics engineering at National Institute of Technology, Calicut.
<hr />
<p>The sole objective of any <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2016/01/electrical-power-grid-structure-working.html">power system network</a> is to transmit power within its acceptable limit. The network should also work or stay under its limits event under any <strong>contingency</strong>. Contingencies may be of any type:</p>
<ol><li>Generator outage</li>
<li>Line outage</li></ol>
<p>Thus, irrespective of the issue evolved in a network, the power transfer between <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2015/07/power-plants.html">generating units</a> and its loads must be “secure”.<br />
The following article deals with what <strong>power system security</strong> means and how a power system network is classified into various states of operation.</p>
<h2>What does Power System Security mean?</h2>
<p>Power System Security may be defined as: The ability of a power system network to <b>withstand contingencies(changes)</b> and remain in its secure state or operate within its acceptable limits.</p>
<p>Various parameters may be taken into consideration and each have their own constraints. Violation of any such constraints may deviate the network’s secure operation. The constraints to be met for a secure operation are:</p>
<br />
<u>Inequality Constraints:</u><br />
Pgi<sub>min</sub> ≤ Pgi ≤ Pgi<sub>max</sub><br />
Vi<sub>min</sub> ≤ Vi ≤ Vi<sub>max</sub><br />
Qgi<sub>min</sub> ≤ Qgi ≤ Qgi<sub>max</sub><br />
f<sub>min</sub> ≤ f ≤ f<sub>max</sub><br />
Where,<br />
Pgi - real power generated from i<sup>th</sup> unit<br />
Vi - voltage magnitude<br />
Qgi - reactive power generated from i<sup>th</sup> unit<br />
f - frequency<br />
<br />
<u>Equality Constraints:</u><br />
<p>Total Generated Power from all the units = Power demand + Power loss</p>
<p>If these constraints are met irrespective of any disturbance or change in the system, then the network is in secure operation.</p>
<h2>Functions of Power System Security</h2>
The two functions that are taken care of under power system security are:
<ol><li>Security Control: Make sure all the parameters are within their limits.</li>
<li>Security Assessment: Detects the change in the parameters and identifies in which state the system is operating in.</li></ol>
<h2>System State Classification</h2>
<h3>Dyliacco’s classification:</h3>
In 1968, Dyliacco was the first one to introduce the <strong>classification of states in power system security</strong>. The operating states were classified into:
<ol><li><b>Preventive State:</b> this state basically highlights the secure operation of the system. It states that the system is working under its parameter limits and is also capable of withstanding the contingencies that occurs. Thus the operator on analyzing the situation should take preventive measures in advance and let the system not deviate from its state even during the contingency.</li>
<li><b>Emergency State:</b> This state indicates that the system constraints has been violated, I.e., it is not operating in its limits.</li>
<li><b>Restorative State:</b> In this state power transfer does not take in some parts due to outage I.e., contingency occurs in some parts of the system. Thus necessary action is to be taken to deviate it back to the normal state.</li></ol>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--oCLEJ5c-fI/X1ZaO96VlCI/AAAAAAAAD94/7O0VyFgUI5AtQ4FX7b6RHklzSBacID-qACLcBGAsYHQ/s0/Dyliacco%25E2%2580%2599s_classification_Power_System_Security.PNG" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="Dyliacco’s classification Power System Security" border="0" data-original-height="366" data-original-width="692" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--oCLEJ5c-fI/X1ZaO96VlCI/AAAAAAAAD94/7O0VyFgUI5AtQ4FX7b6RHklzSBacID-qACLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Dyliacco%25E2%2580%2599s_classification_Power_System_Security.PNG" title="Dyliacco’s classification Power System Security" /></a></div>
<br />
<h3>L.H. Fink and K Carlsen’s classification:</h3>
In 1978, the next type of state classification was suggested by Fink and Carlsen. In their classification the operating states are of 5 types:
<ol><li>Preventive</li>
<li>Alert</li>
<li>Emergency</li>
<li>Extreme</li>
<li>Restorative</li></ol>
<p>The following state transition diagram can be used to explain the flow that take place.</p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr><th>STATE</th><th style="width: 20px;">EC</th><th style="width: 20px;">IC </th><th>REMARKS</th></tr>
<tr><td>Normal</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>The system is secure and all constraints are met</td></tr>
<tr><td>Alert</td><td>0 </td><td>0 </td><td>When the constraints are on the verge of violation,I.e., the operator is notified to foresee contingency</td></tr>
<tr><td>Emergency</td><td>0 </td><td>1 </td><td>When inequality limits are violated</td></tr>
<tr><td>Extreme</td><td>1 </td><td>1 </td><td>When both equality and inequality limits are violated</td></tr>
<tr><td>Restorative</td><td>1 </td><td>0 </td><td>The inequality limit violation has been sorted but the load demand is yet to be satisfied.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table><br />
*EC= 0 (equality constraint is met)<br />
IC=0 (when inequality constraint is met)<br />
Each becomes 1 when both are not met<br />
<p>In the extreme state it is the situation where blackouts occur and restoring it back to normal state may take hours or even days. Thus maximum the operator tries to deviate it from that state.</p>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OOy4fLk6YlM/X1ZaziYnT0I/AAAAAAAAD-A/pmLR5jA3_Yskck_QG7x-HPY7EIoGxwGNACLcBGAsYHQ/s0/LH_Fink_and_K_Carlsen%25E2%2580%2599s_classification_Power_System_Security.PNG" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="L.H. Fink and K Carlsen’s classification Power System Security" border="0" data-original-height="642" data-original-width="1066" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OOy4fLk6YlM/X1ZaziYnT0I/AAAAAAAAD-A/pmLR5jA3_Yskck_QG7x-HPY7EIoGxwGNACLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/LH_Fink_and_K_Carlsen%25E2%2580%2599s_classification_Power_System_Security.PNG" title="L.H. Fink and K Carlsen’s classification Power System Security" /></a></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-69748723857479127202020-08-14T21:04:00.002+05:302020-08-16T10:54:13.089+05:30TURBINE GOVERNING SYSTEM: WHAT IS IT AND HOW DOES IT WORK?A governor in general refers to:
<p>A device that is used to sense the quantity (that is proportional to speed) and <strong>regulates the speed of a <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/p/electrical-machines.html">machine</a></strong>.</p>
<p>There are many types of governors used in many applications. One of which we will be focusing in this article is the <strong>Fly ball Governor</strong>.</p>
<h2>Turbine Governing System:</h2>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fyvTIw6udUc/XyrH3xQV1xI/AAAAAAAAD8M/5TE8sHNGFdkokCNqL0ps-BrzjkGB5Tt4QCLcBGAsYHQ/s1152/Turbine%2BGoverning%2BSystem.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Turbine Governing System" border="0" data-original-height="648" data-original-width="1152" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fyvTIw6udUc/XyrH3xQV1xI/AAAAAAAAD8M/5TE8sHNGFdkokCNqL0ps-BrzjkGB5Tt4QCLcBGAsYHQ/d/Turbine%2BGoverning%2BSystem.jpg" title="Turbine Governing System" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Turbing Governing System (Credit: Vaishnav Chathayil)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table>
<br />
Where, H.P. Oil refers to High Pressure Oil<br />
NOTE: Point E is always fixed.<br />
The <strong>turbine governing system</strong> consists of the following parts:
<ol>
<li><b>SPEED CHANGER</b>: This part of the system is used to provide a constant power setting to the turbine in order to get a constant output under steady state condition.<br />
It has a lever that can be lowered or raised. Changing the position of the lever changes the position of the Steam Inlet valve.<br />
NOTE: Changing the position of the lever does not alter the position of the fly balls.</li>
<li><b>GOVERNOR MECHANISM</b>: In this governing system a <strong>Fly ball Governor</strong> is used. It is also called a <strong>centrifugal Governor</strong>. This part of the system senses the change in frequency.</li>
<li><b>HYDRAULIC AMPLIFIER</b>: It has two main sub parts:
<ul><li>Pilot Valve</li>
<li>Piston Arrangement</li></ul>
The amplifier also has an inlet through which High Pressure Oil is let in.</li>
<li><b>LINKAGE MECHANISM</b>: This is the most important part of the system as, based its movement the piston changes and also it controls the position of the Steam Inlet Valve.</li></ol>
<h2>Working of Turbine Governing System</h2>
The working of this system can be considered in two cases:
<ul><li>CASE 1: When the point B is fixed</li>
<li>CASE 2: When the point A is fixed</li></ul>
Let us see in detail what happens in each case.
<h3>CASE1:WHEN POINT B IS FIXED</h3>
<p>Depending on the demand (load) the lever at the speed changer is varied. Let us see the case when the load high as a result more steam need to be let in to increase the mechanical input to the <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/02/AC-generator-alternator-construction-working.html">generator</a>. The lever lowered and point A moves downward. Notice that B is fixed, the downward movement of A leads to an upward movement of C and D as well. Point D is in turn connected to the pilot valves. Now, when D moves upwards, the upper pilot valve opens and let the High pressure in to push piston in the Hydraulic Amplifier downward.</p>
<p>The piston is connected to the Steam Valve on the upper end, and it opens thus letting in the steam. Hence, the needed mechanical input is provided to meet the demand.</p>
<h3>CASE 2: WHEN POINT A IS FIXED</h3>
<p>Now the <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/p/power-system.html">power system</a> is under steady state condition. But, it is seen that the load decreases. This results in a change in frequency in the system. We know that when there is an increases in load the frequency increases and this change is sensed by the governor in the governing system.</p>
The fly ball governor works in such a way that:
<ol><li>If there is an increase in frequency (indicates increase in shaft speed) the fly balls move outward.</li>
<li>A decrease in frequency (indicates decrease in shaft speed) the fly balls move inward.</li></ol>
<p>Consider a case when the load is reduced then it results in increase in frequency which results in the outward movement of the fly balls. On moving outwards the point B is pushed downwards that further results in pulling the points C and D downward.
Now, when D moves downwards, the lower pilot valve opens and lets the High pressure in to push piston in the Hydraulic Amplifier upward thus closing the Steam Valve and reducing steam input.</p>
<p>Hence, reducing the surplus mechanical input provided.</p>
<h3>Summary</h3>
<table style="margin-left: -20px; width: 100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Change in load</th>
<th>Speed</th>
<th>Fly ball</th>
<th>Point B</th>
<th>Point C & D</th>
<th>Inside Hydraulic Amplifier</th>
<th>Input Steam Valve</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Increases</td>
<td>Decreases</td>
<td>Move outward</td>
<td>Downwards</td>
<td>Downwards</td>
<td>Upper valve moves upwards</td>
<td>Open</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Decreases</td>
<td>Increases</td>
<td>Move inward</td>
<td>Upwards</td>
<td>Upwards</td>
<td>Lower valve moves upwards</td>
<td>Close</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
Thus, this is how the steam input to the turbine is controlled during the <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2016/01/variable-loads-on-power-system.html">variation of loads</a>.
<hr />
<b>Author: Vaishnav Chathayil</b> is pursuing his B.Tech. in Electrical and Electronics engineering at National Institute of Technology, Calicut.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-40889788734266346502020-07-25T20:40:00.003+05:302020-07-26T11:37:15.446+05:30PROCESS INVOLVED IN LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL<p>Loads are variable parameters and they never remain constant. Based on the demands their intake varies. As a result, the power generated by the <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/02/AC-generator-alternator-construction-working.html">alternator</a> needs to meet these demands.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2020/07/load-frequency-control-why-is-it-needed.html"><b>Load Frequency control</b></a> is a method that helps in maintaining the frequency of the network at its rated value i.e., 50Hz in India. This article deals with the process that goes about when the load varies in various cases.</p>
<p>Let us take an example,<br />
Consider the initial state to be as follows,</p>
Load connected to the bus = 200MW<br />
Power generated = 200MW<br />
<br />
Now it is observed that the,<br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><b>LOAD = POWER GENERATED</b><br /></div>
Which means it leads to the stable operation of the system.<br />
<br />Now the frequency will also be at its rated value. Moreover, the machine (Synchronous Generator) will run at its synchronous speed.<br />
<br />
But, as we mentioned earlier the load of the system is never a constant. Thus there are two possibilities,<br />
<br />
CASE1: THERE IS AN INCREASE IN LOAD<br />
CASE2: THERE IS A DECREASE IN LOAD<br />
<br />
Now let us see the detailed effects of each case.<br />
<br /><b>
CASE 1 : THERE IS AN INCREASE IN LOAD</b><br />
<br />
Consider the demand increases and the load connected to the bus changes to 300MW. Now the values are,<br />
<br />
Load connected to the bus = 300MW<br />
Power generated = 200MW<br />
Now it is observed that the<br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b>
LOAD ≠ POWER GENERATED</b><br /></div>
As a result the following occurs:<br />
<ol><li>When it is observed that 100MW is required from the load side, the energy that is needed is supplied by the stored kinetic energy of the machine. The K.E. is produced by the rotating parts of the machine:<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aflo0IcWQGQ/XxvbUulFm7I/AAAAAAAAD60/hkmcR2mksDcVlGw7wp6CUH8k8ZiPInvTwCLcBGAsYHQ/s551/Kinetic_energy_synchronous_generator.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Kinetic energy of synchronous generator" border="0" data-original-height="132" data-original-width="551" height="48" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aflo0IcWQGQ/XxvbUulFm7I/AAAAAAAAD60/hkmcR2mksDcVlGw7wp6CUH8k8ZiPInvTwCLcBGAsYHQ/w200-h48/Kinetic_energy_synchronous_generator.png" title="kinetic energy of synchronous generator" width="200" /></a></div>
Where,<br />
K.E-Kinetic Energy (J/joules)<br />
I-Moment of Inertia (is a constant)<br />
ω - Angular velocity (rad/sec)<br />
Thus, 100MW is supplied by the stored K.E and its value decreases.<br /></li>
<li>As observed in the equation 1, the,<br /><b>K.E.∝ ω<sup>2</sup></b><br />
Thus, when K.E. decreases, the speed of the machine also decreases.</li>
<li>The speed of the machine and its frequency are related by the relation,<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DSN2G2goGuM/XxveQc8Ln-I/AAAAAAAAD7A/Vn1FeBNtsRYlsSWsyg84NmBef_PU1572ACLcBGAsYHQ/s344/speed_of_synchronous_machine.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="speed of synchronous machine" border="0" data-original-height="248" data-original-width="344" height="144" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DSN2G2goGuM/XxveQc8Ln-I/AAAAAAAAD7A/Vn1FeBNtsRYlsSWsyg84NmBef_PU1572ACLcBGAsYHQ/w200-h144/speed_of_synchronous_machine.png" title="speed of synchronous machine" width="200" /></a></div>
<br />
Thus, when the speed decreases, it, in turn, reduces the frequency and if the new frequency is <span style="font-size: large;">f<sub>new</sub></span>, then,<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>f<sub>new</sub> < 50 Hz </b></span><br />
Which not acceptable for a stable operation.</li></ol>
<br />
<b>CASE 2: THERE IS A DECREASE IN LOAD</b><br />
<br />
Consider the demand decreases and the load connected to the bus changes to 150MW. Now the values are,<br />
<br />
Load connected to the bus = 150MW<br />
Power generated = 200MW<br />
Now it is observed that the,<br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><b>LOAD ≠ POWER GENERATED</b><br /></div>
<br />As a result the following occurs:
<ol><li>When it is observed that 50MW is produced in surplus the generator side, the energy that is needed is absorbed is added to the stored kinetic energy of the machine.<br />
The reason is, there needs to be a balance in energy (due to the Law of Conservation of energy).<br />
Thus, 50MW is added to the stored K.E and its value increases.</li>
<li>As observed from the equation 1, when K.E. increases, the speed of the machine also increases.</li>
<li>From equation 2, when the speed increases, it in turn increases the frequency and if the new frequency is <span style="font-size: large;">f<sub>new</sub></span>, then,<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>f<sub>new</sub> > 50 Hz</b></span><br />
Which is also not acceptable for stable operation.</li></ol><div>
Now, we have observed that,</div><div><br /></div>
<b>Change in load ⇒ Change in Power Generated ⇒ Change in rotor speed ⇒ Change in Frequency</b><br />
<p>The change in frequency can be sensed using a device called a Governor. The <b>Governor detects the change in frequency</b> and then insists to change the Steam valve position.</p>
<p>This is done because by adjusting the valve position based on the change in frequency, we can change the steam input to the turbine. As the turbine is mechanically coupled to the Synchronous Generator, by adjusting the speed of the turbine it in turn adjust the mechanical input to the rotor.</p>
<h3>SUMMARY:</h3>
<table style="margin-left: -20px; width: 100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Change in load</th>
<th>Change in frequency</th>
<th>Steam valve position</th>
<th>Steam input</th>
<th>Mechanical input to generator</th>
<th>Power generated by the generator</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Increases</td>
<td>Decreased</td>
<td>Open more</td>
<td>Increased</td>
<td>Increased</td>
<td>Increased</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Decreases</td>
<td>Increased</td>
<td>Close more</td>
<td>Decreased</td>
<td>Decreased</td>
<td>Decreased</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>Now adjusting the mechanical input to the rotor, it also adjusts the Power Generated and this is how the change in load is met and the frequency is adjusted back to its rated value.</p><p>[Also Read: <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/03/synchronization-of-alternator.html">Synchronization of Alternator</a>]<br /></p>
<hr />
<b>Author: Vaishnav Chathayil</b> is pursuing his B.Tech. in Electrical and Electronics engineering at National Institute of Technology, Calicut.<div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-80378845082201331492020-07-19T09:52:00.004+05:302020-07-19T13:16:00.341+05:30LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL: WHY IS IT NEEDED?<p>A power system network mainly comprises the following:</p>
<ol><li>Generation</li>
<li>Transmission</li>
<li><a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/search/label/Power%20Distribution">Distribution</a></li>
<li>Utilization</li></ol>
<p>There are a number of ways one can adopt to <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2015/07/power-plants.html">generate electricity</a>. It can be generated using:</p>
<ol><li><a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/search/label/Renewable%20Energy">Renewable resources</a>: Water, <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2015/12/wind-power.html">Wind</a>, <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2015/12/solar-power-system-how-does-it-work.html">Solar</a> etc.</li>
<li>Non- renewable resources: Coal is a commonly used resource for the generation of power.</li></ol>
<p>In this article, we would be concentrating on the functioning of a <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2015/08/thermal-power-plant.html">Thermal Power Plant</a> and how the frequency for the system powered by this power plant is controlled.</p>
<h2>THERMAL POWER PLANTS:</h2>
<p>In thermal power plants, heat energy is converted into electric energy. The basic process that goes on is: Water is heated that results in the production of steam. The steam that is produced is injected to push the turbine that is mechanically coupled to a generator and in turn, a voltage is obtained at its terminals. After this process, the steam is then condensed back to liquid state with the help of a condenser and recycled to repeat the process. This process is known as the Rankine Cycle.</p>
<p>There are many <b>types of Thermal Power Plants</b>:</p>
<ol><li>Coal-fired</li>
<li>Petroleum fired</li>
<li><a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2015/09/nuclear-power-plant.html">Nuclear</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2015/12/geothermal-energy-and-geothermal-power-plant.html">Geothermal</a></li>
<li>Natural Gas-fired</li>
<li>Solar Thermal Electric</li></ol>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jvX_mpR5cmg/XxLEPv4gDeI/AAAAAAAAD58/Ep9i7gv7dLwaKHZDdXEJ7sVY0Ia3hiI_wCLcBGAsYHQ/s350/Load_frequency_control.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="load frequency control" border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="350" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jvX_mpR5cmg/XxLEPv4gDeI/AAAAAAAAD58/Ep9i7gv7dLwaKHZDdXEJ7sVY0Ia3hiI_wCLcBGAsYHQ/w200-h200/Load_frequency_control.jpg" title="load frequency control" width="200" /></a></div>
<h2>INTRODUCTION TO LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS:</h2>
<p>Now, we have seen what a thermal power plant is and what processes are going on inside it. Next, we shall learn the method adopted to <b>control the intake</b> of steam in order to control the terminal voltage generated by the generator.</p>
<p>The electric power generated by the electric generator is transmitted via transmission lines and then is supplied to various Load centers. The generator normally used is known as an <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/02/AC-generator-alternator-construction-working.html">Alternator or Synchronous Generator</a>.</p>
<p>A Synchronous generator is a doubly excited machine where it has two sets of windings, One, that is wound on the rotor and is excited with a DC Source. Second, that is wound on the stator from where the output electric power is tapped.</p>
<p>The power generated is then transmitted to the load centers. These Load centers constitute houses, industries, hospitals, and so on. One might know that these load centers have demands. But, these demands, vary with time and never remains constant. Thus load connected to a <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2016/03/basics-of-electrical-power-transmission.html">power system network</a> is a variable parameter.</p>
<p>In conclusion, we state that <b>Change in load (demands), leads to a change in input power</b>.</p>
<p>One must notice that when the input to these load centers changes, it in turn indicates that the power generated by the generator must change.</p>
<p>From the basic equation of machines, <br />
<br />
<b>Pg=2πNT/60</b>
<br />
Where,<br />
Pg- Power generated<br />
N- Rotor speed<br />
T-Torque developed<br /></p>
<p>It is observed that the power generated is directly proportional to the rotor speed (in rpm) of the generator. <br />
Now, we also know that the rotor speed is also directly proportional to the frequency, from the relation,<br />
<br />
<b>N=120f/P</b><br />
Where,<br />
f- Frequency<br />
P- No. of poles of the machine<br /></p>
<p>As a result, when the speed increases, the frequency also increases. </p>
<p><b>But this is not acceptable, as certain points need to be noted:</b></p>
<ol><li>In the power plant, we use a Synchronous Generator to produce electric power. Such <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/p/electrical-machines.html">machines</a> obtain a stable mode of operation at its Synchronous speed. Thus, an increase in speed results in a change in its rotating characteristics that may lead to its damage.</li>
<li>All power loads in the bus are designed at a rated frequency (in India 50Hz). Thus a change in frequency may lead to damage to such loads. For instance, transformers, the flux generated must remain constant,</li></ol>
<br />
<b>∅ ∝ V/f</b><br />
Where,<br />
∅- Flux generated<br />
V- Terminal voltage<br />
f – Frequency<br />
<p>If the frequency decreases, it leads to an increase in flux that may result in saturation of the core.</p>
<p>Thus, change in frequency leads to a lot of problems to the network. Hence, we adopt the method called the <b>LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL</b> to maintain the frequency of the system at its rated value (as required by the Country’s Electricity Rules).</p>
<hr />
<p><b>Author: Vaishnav Chathayil</b> is pursuing his B.Tech. in Electrical and Electronics engineering at National Institute of Technology, Calicut.</p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-541792315614334682020-07-14T21:46:00.001+05:302020-07-14T21:48:19.171+05:30How do Solar Panels work on a Van?<p>One of the best electrical systems nowadays is the <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2015/12/solar-power-system-how-does-it-work.html"><strong>solar panel system</strong></a>. For electrical connection, this system is the best one. This system normally used at home, on top of the roof to run the electronic home appliances. To add more value, this solar system now works on the transportation system. And their latest addition is working on the van.</p>
<p>You can use the <a href="https://solarpanelfreak.com/best-solar-products-for-van/" target="_blank">solar products for Van</a> and get the topmost benefits by using it in your van. Here you will also find out while traveling how a solar panel helps you and how the <strong>solar system works on van</strong>. By adjusting some settings and using some kits you can use the solar panel on your van. Let’s find out all the details and working methods of solar panels on the van.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Qq1AL99--1c/Xw3ZbwfmIWI/AAAAAAAAD5Y/sRAS8ZxmOVId332lIS6uPoiE3lbyzlu3ACLcBGAsYHQ/s850/Best-Solar-Products-For-Van-.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="solar panel on van" border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="850" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Qq1AL99--1c/Xw3ZbwfmIWI/AAAAAAAAD5Y/sRAS8ZxmOVId332lIS6uPoiE3lbyzlu3ACLcBGAsYHQ/d/Best-Solar-Products-For-Van-.png" title="solar panel on van" /></a></div><p><br /></p>
<h2>Solar Panel Meaning and its Working style</h2>
<p>If you are choosing the solar system for the van, then you already know the <strong>meaning of the solar panel</strong>. Still, to clear your concept here is a simple idea about the solar panel system.</p>
<p>The solar panel is a system that works to run the electronic device through its power system. It means this device has the capability to capture the heat or rays from the sun. And, then this heat is converted into energy for use on the device. This solar system helps to capture the power and covert to DC electricity. Later this DC current will merge into AC current through this panel.</p>
<p>People basically use this solar panel at home. They set the panel on top of the roof and this panel does its own work when the sun hits the sky. <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2019/01/solar-street-lighting-system.html">Solar panels are also popularly used for street lighting</a>. But today we will see how this solar panel works on a traveling van.</p>
<h2>Solar Panel on a Van</h2>
<p>You can use the solar panel in a van if you want. But, it’s up to you where you will set the solar panel. Usually, people set the panel on the roof, but you can also set the panel beside or backside of the van. You can permanently adjust the panel on your van. You can set the angel of your van roof and charge it as long as you want. But first, you need to what products you actually need to set the solar panel on your van.</p>
<h2>Things You Need to Use to Set up Solar Panel on Your Van</h2>
<p>Some basic solar products you need to use to get the solar service on your vans. Here I will discuss some basic products that you need to use for adjusting the solar panel on your van.</p>
<h4>● Silicon Solar Panel</h4>
<p>This kind of solar panel is known by “Goal Zero” panels with backpacking terms. This kind of solar panel needs a larger amount of space to produce maximum energy. For example, if you need 45w for your van, you have to make a space of almost 4 feet in the van. This kind of panel is not popular anymore for the big van.</p>
<h4>● Semi-Flexible Solar Panel</h4>
<p>The semi-flexible panel is created by a swiss team that is much more popular than another panel. Using the semi-flexible solar panel is now a trend. This panel is lightweight and capable of consuming more energy than others. The basic panel that produces the 100 watts need a specific dimension with 16.5 lbs., where for the semi-flexible panel it only needs 4.86lbs. Also, there is a cost difference between the basic panel and semi-flexible panel.</p>
<h4>● Controller of the Charger</h4>
<p>Using the solar panel on your van you must need to use a charger controller. Without this controller, you will not be able to keep safe your electronic devices or equipments on the van. This charger makes sure you can control the power of the van. If your solar panels are not connected to the charge controller, then your battery will be overcharged and it will damage the appliances on the van.</p>
<p>Normally, we choose the charger controllers through their ratings of amperage. When we set the solar panel on the van, it produces 6amps per hour. So, if you need a 24A+ charger controller, you need to use at least four solar panels in your van.</p>
<h4>● Inverter</h4>
<p>You will be needed an inverter on your van when you will use the home appliances in the van. Otherwise, you don’t need the inverter. But if you are planning to choose the inverter you need to calculate the watts. Because the inverter measured by the watts. And if you can calculate how much watts you will be needed to use, then it will be easy to choose the accurate inverter for your van.</p>
<p>For example, if you use a blender that needs 1800w then, you need to use a string inverter that produces that many watts. So, you need to calculate the number of watts on your van and what appliances you want to use, then choose the inverter.</p>
<h4>● Battery</h4>
<p>This is also another useful thing on the van. Three types of battery you will find for the power van. Those are -</p>
<ul><li>AGM Battery: This battery is the combination of glass mats. Instead of electrolytes material, you will get the glass mats around the battery.</li>
<li>Gel Battery: This battery is a combination of silica gel and sulfuric acid. But, the problem with this battery is, it doesn’t provide good service in the high-heat.</li>
<li>Lithium-Phosphate with Iron Battery: This battery is the combination of these three chemicals and provides longer service than AGM and Gel battery. For long time use, you can use this battery in your van.</li>
</ul>
<p>So, these are all the basic solar products you need to use when you want to set up the solar panel on your van. After choosing the right products based on the criteria, now you can easily set up the solar panel on your van.</p>
<h2>Final Word</h2>
<p>Using a solar panel on your van has lots of benefits. Especially when you want to choose the solar panel for any traveling van, you need to determine how big will be your van is. Then you need to find out which place is the best to set up the solar panel.</p><p><a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2016/05/future-of-solar-energy-in-india.html">Future of Solar energy in India</a></p>
<p>Using a solar panel on your van has lots of benefits. Especially when you want to choose the solar panel for any traveling van, you need to determine how big will be your van is. Then you need to find out which place is the best to set up the solar panel.</p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-73147483257485232872020-06-15T20:49:00.002+05:302020-12-06T13:59:24.799+05:30Types of capacitors and their applications<p>A <strong>capacitor</strong> can be thought to be like a tank that stores electric charge inside it. The more the capacitance, the more charges a capacitor is capable to store. It comes in various shapes, sizes, and of course, different ratings. It is essentially made of two plates separated by an insulator or a dielectric and has an ample number of uses, and even in our daily life, we use it without even knowing it.</p>
<p>This article aims to give you some insights into the types and uses of one of the most used passive electrical components: the capacitor.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Xo83vvNZxN0/XueKpR_DodI/AAAAAAAAD00/c5wQ0TkKq8I_kKtbCUuaB2A_p992IAfcgCK4BGAsYHg/s799/capacitors.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Capacitors" border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="799" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Xo83vvNZxN0/XueKpR_DodI/AAAAAAAAD00/c5wQ0TkKq8I_kKtbCUuaB2A_p992IAfcgCK4BGAsYHg/d/capacitors.jpg" title="Capacitors" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Capacitors</b> (Source: <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/28643050@N06/7189597135" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">flickr</a> by Eric Schrader)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p>
<p>Before we delve into its applications, let us get familiar with the <strong>types of capacitors</strong>.</p>
<h2>Types of capacitors</h2>
<p>While designing a <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/09/brief-introduction-to-circuits.html">circuit</a> for a specific use, the type of capacitor plays a key role in its proper functioning. Each capacitor has a particular set of specifications, like tolerance, voltage rating, etc.</p>
<p>Capacitors can be broadly classified into two categories: The variable and the fixed capacitors.</p>
<p><strong>Variable capacitor</strong>, on the other hand, will have a capacitance value which can be changed. This capacitor has two plates, one of which is fixed and the other one connected to a movable shaft and the capacitance is varied by changing the movable plate.</p>
<p><strong>Fixed capacitor</strong>, as the name suggests, this type of capacitor has a fixed capacitance value. Both the conducting plates are immobile and therefore its capacitance value cannot be altered.</p>
<p>Out of these, the fixed type is more commonly used. This article deals with some of the well-known fixed capacitor types.</p>
<h3>Ceramic Capacitors:</h3>
<p>Ceramic capacitors use ceramic material as a dielectric. You can identify it easily, as most of it comes in a disc shape. The disc is coated with ceramic material and is placed in between the two leads. When a higher capacitance value is needed, multiple layers of ceramic materials are fused together to form the dielectric.</p>
<p>The main advantage of this type of capacitor is that it is a nonpolarized capacitor. This means you can connect it in any direction in your circuit.</p>
<p>Based on their temperature ratings and tolerance, these are classified into three categories: Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 ceramic capacitors.</p>
<p>Class 1 capacitors are the most stable one, with respect to its temperature tolerance and have good accuracy, while the Class 3 capacitors have relatively poor accuracy and least stability.</p>
<h3>Aluminium Electrolytic Capacitors:</h3>
<p>Aluminium Electrolytic capacitors have a wide tolerance capacity and hence are one of the most used capacitors. Here, a liquid or gel-type material filled with ions acts as the electrolyte. This electrolyte is responsible for the larger capacitance values of these capacitor types. These are <strong>polarized capacitors</strong> and hence have to be connected carefully on to a circuit board, keeping their positive/negative leads in mind. They come in a cylindrical shape with two leads of different lengths.</p>
<p>The shorter lead stands for the negative terminal while the longer one stands for its positive terminal. Therefore when you use it in your circuit, remember the golden rule: "The voltage on the positive side must be higher than that of the negative side."</p>
<p>The electrolyte may be either solid polymer or a wet electrolyte and consist of aluminum ions. With higher capacitance values, the electrolytic capacitor comes with drawbacks too. This includes large leakage currents, high-value tolerances and equivalent resistance.</p>
<h3>Tantalum Electrolytic Capacitors:</h3>
<p>Tantalum electrolytic capacitors are another type of electrolytic capacitor, where the anode is made of Tantalum. The use of Tantalum gives the capacitors higher tolerance value but lower maximum operating voltage than an aluminium electrolytic capacitor, it cannot be used as a direct replacement for the same.</p>
<p>Tantalum capacitors have a very thin dielectric layer and hence higher capacitance value per volume. It shows comparatively good stability and frequency characteristics than other capacitor types.</p>
<p>However, tantalum capacitors pose a risk of a potential failure mode, which may occur during voltage spikes when the anode comes in direct contact with the cathode. This may lead to a chemical reaction depending upon the strength of the energy produced during the process. Therefore while using this capacitor, you will have to use current limiters or thermal fuses as a preventive circuitry.</p>
<h3>Film Capacitors:</h3>
<p>Film capacitors as the name suggests have dielectrics made of thin plastic film. This film is crafted out through a sophisticated film drawing process. The film can either be metalized or an untreated one, it depends upon the demand of the capacitor characteristics. This capacitor type has good stability with low inductance and is comparatively cheaper than its counterparts. Depending on the type of dielectric used, these film capacitors are classified into various categories like polyester film, plastic film, etc.</p>
<p>These are non-polarized capacitors with desirable characteristics. When compared to an electrolyte capacitor, it has a longer shelf and service life, making it more reliable.</p>
<h3>Silver Mica Capacitors:</h3>
<p>Silver Mica capacitors use mica, a group of natural minerals as dielectric which is sandwiched between two metal sheets. The specific crystalline binding of mica helps in manufacturing very thin layers of dielectric.
This capacitor is popular for its reliability and stability for a small value of capacitances. These low loss capacitors are not polarized and can be made to many high tolerances.</p><br />
<p>Now that you have got an idea of some of the capacitors and their strengths, let us discuss the prominent areas of application for these capacitors.
</p>
<h2>Which capacitor can be used where?</h2>
<h3>Ceramic capacitors</h3>
<p>These are probably the most widely produced capacitors, due to their infinite applications. The most prominent area where these capacitors are used is in the resonant circuit of a transmitter station, which requires high precision and high power capacitor. Owing to its non-polarity and availability in a wide range of capacitances, voltage ratings, and size, it is also popular as a general-purpose capacitor. In order to reduce the RF noise in a <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/01/basic-working-of-dc-motor.html">DC motor</a>, ceramic capacitors can be used across the brushes of the motor.</p>
<h3>Electrolyte capacitors</h3>
<p>For applications where high capacitances with no need of AC polarization(like a filtering circuit), electrolytic capacitors find their application. Other areas include switching mode power supply, smoothening of input and output in low pass filters. In circuits that have large amplitude and high-frequency signals, these cannot be used as these will have high ESR values.</p>
<h3>Tantalum capacitors</h3>
<p>These capacitors bear the advantage of having low leakage current along with high capacity and better stability and reliability. This makes them a good choice for sample and holds circuits, power supply filtering circuits of computers and cell phones. They are available in military versions that do not dry out with time and hence, act as a replacement for electrolytic capacitors in military applications.</p>
<h3>Film capacitors</h3>
<p>These capacitors are popular among the power electronics enthusiast. They are used in almost all the <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2020/04/power-electronics.html">power electronic</a> devices, x-ray machines, phase shifters, and pulsed lasers. Even the switched power supply uses a film capacitor for <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2015/11/power-factor-correction.html">power factor correction</a>. The lower voltage variants find their roles as decoupling capacitors, filters, and A/D converters. They can be used as a part of conventional circuits as well to smooth out the voltage spikes.</p>
<h3>Silver Mica Capacitors</h3>
<p>In areas where low capacitance is required but with a need of high stability, such as in power RF circuits, silver Mica capacitors can be used. Its high breakdown voltage makes it suitable for high voltage applications. They exhibit low losses and therefore are popularly used in high frequency tuned circuits like oscillators.</p>
<br />
<p>This article has covered the most prominent types of capacitors. Apart from these, there are few other types like the trimmer capacitor, air capacitor, super capacitor, etc. Trimmer capacitor is a variable type and is not that commonly used. Supercapacitors are a combination of few electrolytic capacitors to form a capacitor of a higher value that exhibits the property of both capacitors and a battery bank.</p>
<p>With this, we have come to the end of the article. Hope you got a clear and crisp idea of the capacitor types and their various applications.</p>
<p>Thank you for reading!</p>
<hr />
<p><b>Author: <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/cicy-mary-mathew-0516305a/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Cicy</a></b> has a master's degree in electrical and electronics engineering with a specialization in Power Electronics. She is a freelance writer who writes to simplify complicated concepts in an understandable language.</p><div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1327172493249456431.post-45064241033365744672020-05-19T20:05:00.002+05:302020-05-19T20:05:25.980+05:30Essential Tools For Electricians To Work With Wires<p>Every electrician requires the right set of tools to perform their tasks no matter what that might be. In fact, there is a basic set of tools that every electrician requires. The type of tools available have improved over time there are new and better tools available. The <a href="https://www.electricaleasy.com/2020/05/role-of-electrical-engineer-in-construction.html">job of an electrician</a> is not easy but with the right set of <b>electrical tools</b> purpose-built for the task like a telecommunication job, networking job, etc. </p>
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yx44tDLJkYI/XsPtpzL6qCI/AAAAAAAADyM/1tnrfrqB50srph_wJYmGjfdQ1M-SGLDMACK4BGAsYHg/electrician_tools.jpg"><img alt="electrician tools" border="0" data-original-height="506" data-original-width="800" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yx44tDLJkYI/XsPtpzL6qCI/AAAAAAAADyM/1tnrfrqB50srph_wJYmGjfdQ1M-SGLDMACK4BGAsYHg/d/electrician_tools.jpg" title="electrician tools" /></a><br />
<p>The availability of more versatile tools makes it possible for an electrician to handle their tasks in a more efficient manner and with greater ease. Each task requires a special list of tools, for example, it is necessary to have a special set of <b>tools when working with wires</b> like a spark plug wire crimper. This article lists the tools an electrician might need to perform their task pertaining to wires. </p>
<h2>List of Essentials Tools for an Electrician</h2>
<p>An electrician often has the need to work with wires during the course of their work which requires them to have a fixed set of tools go get it right. There are many types of tools necessary like <a href="https://totaleclipse4u.com/default/network-testing-equipment/environmental-testers.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">environmental testers</a> here, etc., however, it is possible to classify the tools necessary into two types of tools like hand tools, and power tools. Here is a brief list of tools every electrician will require:</p>
<ul>
<li><b>Pliers:</b> This is one of the most basic tools that every electrician needs to have. There are mainly two types of pliers available, a side-cutting plier, long-nose, and needle-nose pliers. The side-cutting pliers are useful for heavy-duty cutting and crimping a connector. It is useful for a large number of applications, especially when working with wires or connecting wires.</li>
<li><b>Screwdrivers:</b> A screwdriver is essential when working with various types of fasteners. In fact, there are several multipurpose screwdrivers that an electrician can opt for to use for many different applications including when working with wires.</li>
<li><b>Wire stripper:</b> A wire stripper is essential when working with wires especially when making new connections with wires. This is the most basic tool for an electrician however, the design of this tool has improved over the years with curved handles, better grip, and such that they avoid motion fatigue as well.</li>
<li><b>Wire Crimper:</b> The basic purpose of a crimper is to connect two wires. This is done by placing multiple wires in a connector and using a special wire crimper to make the connection. This tool is very similar to a set of pliers in appearance. The way it works is it deforms either one or both wires, holds them together and makes a joint using a connector. There are different types of crimpers like manual crimper and ratcheted crimper and the type of application dictates which one you may need.</li>
<li><b>Fish tapes & poles:</b> A fish tape helps secure the wires making it safer to use. This is essential when working with live circuits. A fish-pole is essential when working with wires that are in difficult places like the ceilings, down walls, raised floors, as well as where the visibility is low. </li>
<li><b>Measuring Device:</b> A large number of electricians never leave home without their special tool belt and no tool belt is complete without measuring devices of some kind. </li>
<li><b>Labeling machine:</b> A labeling machine might not be essential for connecting two wires or working on wires. However, the process of labeling your work is best accomplished with the help of a labelling machine. Doing so helps save a great deal of time and effort. The labelling machine of this kind can be used for wires, as cable markers, for a rack and frames.</li>
<li><b>Power drills:</b> A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">power drill</a> is useful for many applications and can be either with a corded one or a cordless one. A power drill is useful to put the wires in place and also place them aesthetically. There are many benefits of using multipurpose power tools. </li>
<li><b>Saws:</b> A power saw is also a very useful tool for any electrician to have. </li>
</ul>
<div class="blogger-post-footer"><span style="color: #aeaeae; margin-top: 10px;">This article was originally published on <a href="http://www.electricaleasy.com/">electricaleasy.com</a></span></div>Kiran Dawarehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09013411112983403250noreply@blogger.com